Ex-president Joseph Kabila was catapulted to power aged 29 and ruled the Democratic Republic of Congo for nearly two decades, but after two years in self-imposed exile and a surprise reappearance in the restive east this year he now faces the death penalty.
Kabila, 54, who on Tuesday was sentenced to death in absentia for “treason”, succeeded his father, Laurent-Desire Kabila, after the rebel-turned-president was assassinated by a bodyguard in 2001.
“With his timid voice and his youth, he initially gave the impression of being a lacklustre figure,” wrote Belgian historian David Van Reybrouck.
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But the younger Kabila remained at the helm of sub-Saharan Africa’s biggest and most volatile state for two terms, before handing over the presidency to Felix Tshisekedi in 2019.
Out of power, Kabila left the DRC in 2023 but retained his status of senator for life and parliamentary immunity, as well as influence in Congolese politics.
After appearances in South Africa and Namibia, the solitary, secretive figure returned in late May to Goma, which was seized earlier this year by anti-government fighters from the M23 armed group.
Days earlier, the stocky Kabila, shorn of his trademark beard, had declared his successor’s tenure to be a “dictatorship” in an online address.
Kabila’s return set alarm bells ringing nearly 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometres) away in the capital, Kinshasa, given the M23’s rapid advance in the long volatile, mineral-rich east and its backing from Rwanda.
Tsishekedi’s government pushed for his immunity to be lifted, leading to him being put on trial for treason, war crimes and complicity with the M23.
– The outsider –
Joseph Kabila was born on June 4, 1971 in his father’s South Kivu stronghold in the eastern DRC.
He spent most of his childhood from the age of five across the border in Tanzania, before rejoining his father in September 1996 at the start of the First Congo War.
Military training followed in China but he made a swift return at the start of the Second Congo War in 1998 and joined the army.
When his father was assassinated, he inherited a devastated country torn apart by a conflict that would only end in 2003.
At the time, the central government controlled little more than parts of the west and south, and despite the DRC’s vast natural resources, its 100 million people were and remain among the world’s poorest.
With his upbringing in exile and lack of fluency in French and the Lingala language common in Kinshasa, the English- and Swahili-speaking Kabila was viewed as an outsider in the capital.
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