Lifestyle
PHOTOS: Chief Candido Joao Da Rocha: Nigeria’s First Millionaire and Lagos’s Water Pioneer
Chief Candido Joao Da Rocha remains one of the most fascinating figures in Nigerian economic history. Celebrated as Nigeria’s first millionaire, he was a pioneering businessman, landowner, and philanthropist whose life reflected both the entrepreneurial spirit and cultural richness of 19th-century Lagos.
Born in 1860 in Bahia, Brazil, Candido Da Rocha was part of the Afro-Brazilian returnee community — descendants of Yoruba people who were enslaved and later freed, choosing to return to West Africa. His father, Joao Esan Da Rocha, was among these returnees. A former Yoruba slave, Joao Esan returned to Lagos after gaining his freedom, where he laid the foundations of a family business that his son would later expand into a vast commercial empire.
Candido Da Rocha was a man of vision and enterprise. From his base on Kakawa Street, Lagos Island, he built what became known as the “Water House.” This iconic building housed the first borehole and water fountain on Lagos Island, serving as the main source of clean water for residents at a time when access to potable water was limited. Through his water distribution system, Da Rocha not only revolutionized how Lagosians accessed water but also established a successful business model that combined innovation with public service.
Beyond the water business, Da Rocha ventured into hospitality and real estate. He owned the now-defunct Bonanza Hotel, which catered to elite guests in colonial Lagos, and also operated The Restaurant Da Rocha, which was a popular establishment during his time. His business acumen made him one of the wealthiest men in Nigeria. One of the defining moments of his financial success was a lucrative gold bar transaction in 1894 that significantly increased his fortune.
Despite his wealth, Chief Candido Da Rocha was known for his humility and generosity. He was a major benefactor to the less privileged and contributed to various community causes. As a member of the Afro-Brazilian elite, he played a significant role in shaping Lagos’s social and cultural landscape, promoting Western education, architecture, and entrepreneurship among returnee families.
Da Rocha’s influence extended beyond business. He held the chieftaincy title of Lodifi of Ilesa, a testament to his standing in both the Yoruba and Lagos communities. His Water House became more than just a family residence — it was a landmark of innovation and affluence in colonial Lagos and was later immortalized in Antonio Olinto’s novel The Water House, which drew inspiration from his legacy.
Chief Candido Joao Da Rocha’s life was a story of transformation — from the son of a freed slave to one of the most influential businessmen in Nigerian history. Through his enterprises, philanthropy, and cultural contributions, he helped shape Lagos into a modern, economically vibrant city. His legacy continues to symbolize the possibilities of hard work, innovation, and vision in the face of historical adversity.
Sources:
Falola, Toyin, Economic Pioneers of Colonial Lagos.
National Archives of Nigeria, Lagos Division.
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