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Yoruba Traditional Medicine: History, Practices, and Modernization

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Yorùbá medicine, known as egbòogi, is one of the most enduring African systems of herbalism and healing. Practiced predominantly in West Africa and the Caribbean, it remains a vital aspect of Yoruba cultural identity and health care. Rooted in centuries of knowledge, spiritual practices, and natural remedies, Yoruba traditional medicine has evolved from ancient times into a practice that now coexists with modern medical systems.

Historical Development of Yoruba Medicine

The origins of Yoruba traditional medicine date back to the earliest settlements in Ile-Ife, regarded as the cultural and spiritual heart of the Yoruba nation. Traditional medicine formed part of the people’s daily lives, deeply connected with their worldview, religion, and social structure. Health was perceived holistically, involving the body, mind, and spirit, and illnesses were often explained not only in physical but also in spiritual terms.

As Yoruba communities expanded into cities such as Ibadan, Lagos, Abeokuta, Ijebu-Ode, Ilesha, Ado-Ekiti, Osogbo, Ogbomoso, Ilorin, and Ile-Ife, healers and practitioners became central figures in society. Beyond Nigeria, Yoruba medicine spread to Benin, Togo, Cuba, and the Caribbean, carried along by migration and the transatlantic slave trade.

Practices in Diagnosis and Treatment

Yoruba traditional medicine is a multifaceted system that combines herbalism, spiritual healing, divination, and natural therapies. A Traditional Medicine Practitioner (TMP) is recognized by their community as competent to provide healthcare through the use of plants, minerals, animal parts, and spiritual guidance.

Some of the key practices include:

Herbal Medicine: Preparation of remedies using roots, leaves, barks, and seeds.

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Bone Setting: Indigenous techniques for fractures and dislocations.

Spiritual Therapies: Healing rituals involving prayers, sacrifices, and consultation with deities.

Maternity and Childcare: Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) overseeing pregnancy and childbirth.

Mental Health Care: Traditional psychiatrists and spiritualists diagnosing and treating psychiatric conditions.

Other Therapies: Aromatherapy, massage therapy, music therapy, and ritual cleansing.

Specialization in Traditional Medicine

Yoruba medicine is not limited to general practice; it includes specialists who cater to specific health challenges:

Herbalists – focusing on plant-based remedies.

Bone Setters – skilled in handling fractures and dislocations.

Traditional Psychiatrists – managing mental and spiritual disturbances.

Traditional Paediatricians – caring for children’s health.

Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) – assisting in childbirth.

Occult Practitioners – dealing with mystical and spiritual interventions.

The Role of Religion and Mysticism

Religious beliefs play a central role in Yoruba medicine. Illness is often linked to cosmic or spiritual imbalances, requiring not just physical treatment but also spiritual intervention. Divination systems like Ifá are used for diagnosis, guiding healers toward the cause and solution of an illness. Rituals, incantations, and sacrifices are common elements of healing, reflecting the deep interconnection between health and spirituality.

The Coming of Orthodox Medicine

The introduction of Western, or orthodox, medicine into Nigeria during the colonial period brought significant change. Missionary hospitals, such as the Sacred Heart Hospital in Abeokuta (established in 1885), offered new approaches to health care. This development challenged the dominance of traditional medicine but did not erase its influence. Instead, both systems began to coexist, with many Yoruba people seeking remedies from both traditional healers and modern doctors.

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Modernization of Yoruba Medicine

Today, Yoruba traditional medicine is undergoing modernization and standardization. Efforts have been made to document herbal knowledge, regulate traditional practices, and promote safe usage of remedies. Herbal products are increasingly packaged, branded, and sold commercially across Nigeria and abroad.

The Nigerian government, through agencies like NIPRD (National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development), has emphasized the need to integrate traditional medicine into the national healthcare system. However, challenges remain in terms of standardization, dosage measurement, and scientific validation of herbal remedies.

The Way Forward

Yoruba medicine continues to thrive as a cultural heritage and healthcare system. For it to play a stronger role in modern society, government policies need to address:

Proper documentation of medicinal plants and practices.

Regulation of Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs).

Research into the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies.

Collaboration between orthodox medicine and traditional healers.

Yoruba traditional medicine is more than an alternative healing system—it is a cultural legacy that reflects the Yoruba worldview of health, spirituality, and community. Despite the rise of orthodox medicine, egbòogi remains relevant in Nigeria and beyond, serving millions who still rely on its holistic approach. The modernization and proper regulation of this system will not only preserve a valuable cultural heritage but also contribute meaningfully to healthcare delivery in Africa.

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‘I have cancer,’ Nollywood actress Cynthia Anijekwu cries, calls for support

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Nollywood actress Cynthia Anijekwu has made an emotional appeal to Nigerians for financial assistance after revealing that she is battling cancer for the second time.

In a video circulating on social media on Tuesday, the actress disclosed that she was first diagnosed with cancer in 2023, when she underwent surgery followed by chemotherapy in a bid to halt the disease.

She maintained that doctors initially managed the condition after the treatment, but the cancer later returned and has since spread to her bones, requiring more intensive care, including radiation therapy and another surgery.

According to Anijekwu, recent medical examinations revealed that the cancer has spread to her bones, significantly increasing the cost and complexity of her treatment up to N600,000 every month.

The actress said doctors have recommended radiation therapy and another surgery as part of her ongoing care.

“I have cancer in 2023 (sic). I did my surgery and took chemotherapy, but later it came back again. I’ve been in and out of the hospital. The doctor recently told me it has reached my bones, and the treatment is now much more expensive,” she said.

“I need to live. I need to survive. I’m asking Nigerians to please help me. Anyone that can help, please, I need help. Even my hands have swollen. The cancer has affected both breasts. I need to live. Please help me. I need to survive.

“Your one naira, your two naira can add up to something reasonable for me to get the proper treatment for this cancer. I’m begging you, please help me,” she pleaded.

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Before her health challenge became public, Anijekwu built her career in Nollywood, featuring in several English- and Igbo-language productions.

However, there is no publicly verifiable record identifying a major blockbuster film or comprehensive filmography associated with the actress, as public attention has largely shifted to her battle with cancer in recent years.

The actress said the financial burden has become overwhelming for her family, prompting her to seek help from members of the public.

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It’s not easy, surrogate mother shares emotional journey

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A masked Nigerian surrogate mother has opened up about how financial hardship and what she described as an irresponsible partner led her to become a surrogate, saying the decision came after the loss of her second child.

The woman disclosed this during a new episode on Cruise TV published on YouTube on Sunday, where she recounted the emotional, financial and psychological realities of carrying children for other families.

She said becoming a surrogate was one of the hardest decisions she had ever made, describing the emotional attachment that develops during pregnancy despite knowing the child does not belong to her.

“Emotionally it’s not easy. Even when I started the journey, when the pregnancy was three months, I called my nurse that I don’t think I can cope again because it’s not easy to carry what is not yours.

“When you start having the emotional attachment, you keep reminding yourself that this is not mine. I tell myself it is a job, and that helps me cope, but the emotions still come and go.”

The woman explained that she became a gestational surrogate through IVF, meaning she had no biological connection to the babies she carried.

Speaking on what pushed her into surrogacy, she said her partner failed to provide for the family despite her efforts to support them.

“I had my first child. Unfortunately, my husband is not the person that is hardworking and he doesn’t take responsibility. I do work. There is no work I cannot do.

“When I became pregnant the second time, I could no longer work. We couldn’t even afford hospital bills.”

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She said complications during the pregnancy eventually led to the death of the baby, an experience that changed her outlook.

“That baby died, and that was the reason I made that decision. Instead of giving him another baby, I would rather help people who have the money to take care of me.

“If you don’t have the money to care for my health, I won’t do it for you.”

She disclosed that she initially declined financial compensation beyond medical care, accommodation and allowances, a decision she now regrets.

“I told them I didn’t want any compensation aside from the process, monthly allowance, wardrobe allowance and accommodation fee, but that was a mistake.

“I won’t do it again,” she said.

The surrogate mother also said she would not encourage her daughter to follow the same path because of the emotional and health risks involved.

“I cannot advise my daughter to be a surrogate.”

She added that she relocated during one of her pregnancies to avoid stigma and often told people the baby had died whenever they asked questions.

According to her, surrogate mothers also face psychological challenges after delivery despite undergoing counselling before and after childbirth.

While acknowledging that surrogacy has helped many couples struggling with infertility, she maintained that the process is far more demanding than many people realise.

“Surrogacy is not as simple as people think.”

She called for stronger regulation of the practice to protect surrogate mothers from exploitation and ensure adequate emotional and financial support.

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I waited 18 years before welcoming twins – Nollywood star Ricardo Agbor

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Veteran Nollywood actor, Ricardo Agbor, has opened up about his 18-year journey to parenthood, revealing that he and his wife waited nearly two decades before welcoming their twins.

The actor disclosed this during an interview with AfricanAList published on Sunday, where he reflected on his marriage, faith and the challenges he faced before becoming a father.

Agbor said he remained committed to his wife throughout the period, despite the long wait for children.

“I wanted to get married to a particular lady; I married her regardless of where she is from. She is not from my tribe. So ordinarily, we were supposed to have strife; no, it was very fair,” he said.

Speaking about the couple’s struggle with childlessness, the actor said he specifically prayed for twins and refused to give up despite waiting for 18 years.

“It took 18 years for me to have the twins. And I waited. God knows, 18 years and they are 14 now, so I told God I wanted twins.

“So while that wait was on, if it were someone else, he would cross. But at the end of the day, I have twins. I have a boy and a girl. I asked God what I wanted,” he added.

Agbor also recounted what he described as the most painful experience of his life — the death of his mother.

According to him, she had been receiving treatment for about three weeks without any improvement before doctors advised that she should be flown to South Africa for further medical care.

The actor said his mother requested to be moved to another private hospital in Surulere, but she died in his arms while he was helping her into the car.

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“My mom died right in my arms. At the hospital, they were bringing almost 10 doctors to do tests… the sickness was not improving after almost three weeks.

“It was after three weeks that they told me to come and carry my mom and take her to South Africa. I took my mom away and took her to another private hospital within Surulere. It was my mom that told me to take her away from that place. As I was carrying her into the car, she gave up,” he said.

Agbor said the loss left him devastated, noting that it was the first time he had cried outside acting.

“I think that was the first time I cried in my life. I don’t cry. If I cry, maybe it is in a movie and it is a role. So I cried. It was painful,” he added.

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