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Yoruba Traditional Medicine: History, Practices, and Modernization

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Yorùbá medicine, known as egbòogi, is one of the most enduring African systems of herbalism and healing. Practiced predominantly in West Africa and the Caribbean, it remains a vital aspect of Yoruba cultural identity and health care. Rooted in centuries of knowledge, spiritual practices, and natural remedies, Yoruba traditional medicine has evolved from ancient times into a practice that now coexists with modern medical systems.

Historical Development of Yoruba Medicine

The origins of Yoruba traditional medicine date back to the earliest settlements in Ile-Ife, regarded as the cultural and spiritual heart of the Yoruba nation. Traditional medicine formed part of the people’s daily lives, deeply connected with their worldview, religion, and social structure. Health was perceived holistically, involving the body, mind, and spirit, and illnesses were often explained not only in physical but also in spiritual terms.

As Yoruba communities expanded into cities such as Ibadan, Lagos, Abeokuta, Ijebu-Ode, Ilesha, Ado-Ekiti, Osogbo, Ogbomoso, Ilorin, and Ile-Ife, healers and practitioners became central figures in society. Beyond Nigeria, Yoruba medicine spread to Benin, Togo, Cuba, and the Caribbean, carried along by migration and the transatlantic slave trade.

Practices in Diagnosis and Treatment

Yoruba traditional medicine is a multifaceted system that combines herbalism, spiritual healing, divination, and natural therapies. A Traditional Medicine Practitioner (TMP) is recognized by their community as competent to provide healthcare through the use of plants, minerals, animal parts, and spiritual guidance.

Some of the key practices include:

Herbal Medicine: Preparation of remedies using roots, leaves, barks, and seeds.

Bone Setting: Indigenous techniques for fractures and dislocations.

Spiritual Therapies: Healing rituals involving prayers, sacrifices, and consultation with deities.

Maternity and Childcare: Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) overseeing pregnancy and childbirth.

Mental Health Care: Traditional psychiatrists and spiritualists diagnosing and treating psychiatric conditions.

Other Therapies: Aromatherapy, massage therapy, music therapy, and ritual cleansing.

Specialization in Traditional Medicine

Yoruba medicine is not limited to general practice; it includes specialists who cater to specific health challenges:

Herbalists – focusing on plant-based remedies.

Bone Setters – skilled in handling fractures and dislocations.

Traditional Psychiatrists – managing mental and spiritual disturbances.

Traditional Paediatricians – caring for children’s health.

Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) – assisting in childbirth.

Occult Practitioners – dealing with mystical and spiritual interventions.

The Role of Religion and Mysticism

Religious beliefs play a central role in Yoruba medicine. Illness is often linked to cosmic or spiritual imbalances, requiring not just physical treatment but also spiritual intervention. Divination systems like Ifá are used for diagnosis, guiding healers toward the cause and solution of an illness. Rituals, incantations, and sacrifices are common elements of healing, reflecting the deep interconnection between health and spirituality.

The Coming of Orthodox Medicine

The introduction of Western, or orthodox, medicine into Nigeria during the colonial period brought significant change. Missionary hospitals, such as the Sacred Heart Hospital in Abeokuta (established in 1885), offered new approaches to health care. This development challenged the dominance of traditional medicine but did not erase its influence. Instead, both systems began to coexist, with many Yoruba people seeking remedies from both traditional healers and modern doctors.

Modernization of Yoruba Medicine

Today, Yoruba traditional medicine is undergoing modernization and standardization. Efforts have been made to document herbal knowledge, regulate traditional practices, and promote safe usage of remedies. Herbal products are increasingly packaged, branded, and sold commercially across Nigeria and abroad.

The Nigerian government, through agencies like NIPRD (National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development), has emphasized the need to integrate traditional medicine into the national healthcare system. However, challenges remain in terms of standardization, dosage measurement, and scientific validation of herbal remedies.

The Way Forward

Yoruba medicine continues to thrive as a cultural heritage and healthcare system. For it to play a stronger role in modern society, government policies need to address:

Proper documentation of medicinal plants and practices.

Regulation of Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs).

Research into the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies.

Collaboration between orthodox medicine and traditional healers.

Yoruba traditional medicine is more than an alternative healing system—it is a cultural legacy that reflects the Yoruba worldview of health, spirituality, and community. Despite the rise of orthodox medicine, egbòogi remains relevant in Nigeria and beyond, serving millions who still rely on its holistic approach. The modernization and proper regulation of this system will not only preserve a valuable cultural heritage but also contribute meaningfully to healthcare delivery in Africa.

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Yusuf Grillo: Pioneer of Nigerian Contemporary Art and Master of Stained Glass (PHOTOS)

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Yusuf Adebayo Cameron Grillo (1934–2021) was one of Nigeria’s most influential modern artists, renowned for his mastery of stained glass, his innovative use of color, and his role in shaping postcolonial Nigerian art. As a painter, sculptor, muralist, and educator, Grillo stood at the crossroads of tradition and modernity, blending Yoruba cultural themes with international artistic movements.

Early Life and Education

Born in Lagos in 1934, Grillo displayed an early passion for drawing and craftsmanship. He studied at the Nigerian College of Arts, Science, and Technology, Zaria, in the 1950s, where he became a member of the “Zaria Art Society”—a group of radical young artists popularly called the Zaria Rebels. The society challenged colonial art education by advocating a “natural synthesis,” fusing Western techniques with African traditions. This philosophy became the foundation of Grillo’s lifelong practice.

Artistic Style and Innovations

Grillo developed a signature style distinguished by luminous blue hues, inspired by Adire (the Yoruba indigo-dyed textile). His compositions often featured Yoruba figures, rituals, and daily life, rendered with geometric abstraction and modernist discipline.

While celebrated as a painter, Grillo gained international distinction for his stained-glass and mosaic works. He received commissions for major Nigerian institutions, including churches, universities, and public buildings. His installations—such as those at the Chapel of the Resurrection, University of Lagos, and at Yaba College of Technology (YABATECH)—remain striking landmarks for their intricate design, bold symbolism, and interplay of light and color.

Through stained glass, Grillo extended Nigeria’s visual culture into sacred and civic spaces, adapting a European medium into a distinctly Nigerian form of expression.

Institutional Leadership

Beyond his artistic output, Grillo was a pioneering arts administrator and teacher. He served as the founding president of the Society of Nigerian Artists (SNA) in 1963, helping to formalize Nigeria’s professional art community.

At Yaba College of Technology (YABATECH), Grillo became the Director of the School of Art, Design, and Printing, a position he held for decades. His mentorship shaped generations of Nigerian artists, many of whom went on to become leading figures in contemporary art both locally and internationally.

Recognition and Legacy

Grillo exhibited widely across Africa, Europe, and the United States, becoming one of Nigeria’s first globally recognized modern artists. His works remain in both private and institutional collections, and he is celebrated as one of the founding fathers of modern Nigerian art.

He passed away on 23 August 2021 in Lagos. Today, his contributions live on not only through his distinctive artworks—marked by radiant blues and careful geometric compositions—but also through the institutions he strengthened and the students he nurtured.

Yusuf Grillo embodied the postcolonial Nigerian search for identity through art. His ability to merge Yoruba aesthetics with modernist techniques made him a cultural bridge between Nigeria and the wider world. His stained-glass masterpieces, educational leadership, and pioneering role in professionalizing Nigerian art cement his place as a cornerstone of African modernism.

Sources
Premium Times Nigeria. “Renowned Nigerian artist, Yusuf Grillo, dies at 87.” August 2021.

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Koffi Idowu-Nuel: Nigeria’s Multi-Talented Comedian, Actor, and Musician

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Born: 11 March 1977 (Maroko, Lagos)

Education: Chemistry, University of Lagos (UNILAG); Theatre training at Theatre 15
Koffi Idowu-Nuel—known professionally as Koffi Tha Guru—is a celebrated Nigerian comedian, actor, writer, musician, and cultural creative whose career has spanned over two decades. Known for his sharp wit, musical prowess, and insightful satire, Koffi has remained a pioneering force in Nigeria’s entertainment ecosystem.

Early Life and Path into Performance

Growing up in Maroko—an erstwhile Lagos slum—Koffi attended Molusi College, Ijebu Igbo, before earning admission to UNILAG where he studied Chemistry. His time there introduced him to Theatre 15, where he trained in acting, dance, and comedy. In 1998, he joined Theatre 15 formally, honing his multifaceted artistry.

His television breakthrough came in the sitcom Twilight Zone (nicknamed “Shake Body”), where he portrayed “Dauda.” Koffi gained further recognition after becoming one of just four finalists at the 2003 Night of a Thousand Laughs, from a field of 34 contestants.

Comedy Career and Legacy

A stalwart of stand-up, Koffi boasts a career exceeding 25 years as a comedian, earning praise for his versatility and intellect. He has produced and hosted numerous signature shows including Bursting Loose, Out of Control, Blunt Brutal Breathless, Comedy Combo, and I Stand Corrected. He also hosts Humour Hangout and Awada Express, a popular ethnic variety show.

Discography and Music

Unlike many comedians, Koffi has actively pursued music:

According to Punch (2024), he has released 32 albums and maintains the distinction of having the highest number of music videos of any Nigerian comedian.

His official discography includes albums such as:

COMfussion (2004)
ABINIBILITY (2006)
TRADofunkHIPsouL (2008)
Metamorpho (2013/14)
Root&Roll (2012)
Gospel Truth (2012)
Workerman Allstars: Famous Five (2013)
Soundtrack albums like Ayindeokin: Metamorpho and others

Acting and Film

Koffi’s acting began on stage and transitioned to TV and film. He appears in over 20 productions including 2 Blackbirds, Clown in Town, Mumble Jumble, and several others—many of which he produced and directed himself.

Industry Advocacy

In August 2018, Koffi was unanimously appointed to the Board of the Copyright Society of Nigeria (COSON), succeeding the late Ras Kimono. He remains a vocal supporter of intellectual property rights in the creative sector.

Milestones & Recognition

As of December 2023, Koffi celebrated 25 years in comedy and 20 years in music with his Muludun Night show—marking an impressive creative timeline.

He holds numerous awards, including:

Best Comedian (Music), Nigerian National Comedy Awards (2006)

Comedian of the Year, Dynamix Youth Awards (2007)

Best Comic Movie for The Nanny in the Best of Nollywood Awards (2013)

Legacy

Koffi Tha Guru’s enduring influence stems from his multi-disciplinary approach—seamlessly blending comedy, music, acting, writing, and activism. He remains a guiding light for emerging entertainers, embodying humor, intellect, and social engagement.

Sources:
Punch Newspaper coverage of his career and milestones

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Seth Irunsewe Kale: Nigerian Anglican Bishop and Educator

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Born: 6 June 1904
Died: 19 November 1994
Titles: MBE, OON, CFR
Notable Roles: Principal, CMS Grammar School, Lagos; Bishop of Lagos

Early Life and Education

Seth Irunsewe Kale was born on 6 June 1904 during the British colonial period in Nigeria. Raised in a Christian family, he came of age in an era when missionary education offered one of the few avenues for Nigerians to advance academically and professionally.

He attended CMS Grammar School, Lagos, the first secondary school in Nigeria, before proceeding to Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone. At Fourah Bay, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Theology, equipping him for a dual career in education and the Anglican ministry. His formative years in both institutions instilled in him a blend of intellectual discipline, moral integrity, and Christian devotion that would define his life’s work.

Career in Education

In 1944, Kale was appointed Principal of CMS Grammar School, Lagos, a position he held until 1950. His tenure coincided with Nigeria’s nationalist awakening, as the push for self-government gained momentum.

Under his leadership, the school maintained its reputation for academic excellence and Christian discipline while also nurturing students who would later play influential roles in politics, academia, and church leadership. Kale’s stewardship helped solidify CMS Grammar School’s position as a premier educational institution in West Africa during a transformative period in Nigerian history.

Ecclesiastical Career

Kale’s calling extended into the higher ranks of the Anglican Church.

In 1960, he was consecrated Assistant Bishop of Lagos, reflecting his growing prominence within the Church Missionary Society’s Nigerian structure.

By 1963, he was elevated to Bishop of Lagos, one of the most prestigious dioceses in the Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion). He served in this capacity until 1974.

As Bishop, Kale oversaw the church during a turbulent post-independence period marked by political instability and the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). He worked to strengthen the church’s institutional presence, promote unity, and ensure that Anglicanism remained a stabilizing moral force in society.

Honors and Recognition

Kale’s service was recognized both within and beyond Nigeria:

He was awarded the Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) during the colonial era.
After independence, the Nigerian government honored him with the titles of Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) and Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic (CFR).

These awards reflected his dual contributions as both an ecclesiastical leader and a nation-builder.

Later Life and Death

After his retirement in 1974, Kale continued to serve as a respected elder statesman of the church. His wisdom was sought on matters of faith, education, and governance, and he remained deeply connected to the Anglican community until his passing.

He died on 19 November 1994, at the age of 90.

Legacy

Seth Irunsewe Kale is remembered as one of the foundational figures of Nigerian Anglicanism in the twentieth century. As Principal of CMS Grammar School, he helped mold a generation of leaders at a pivotal moment in the nation’s history. As Bishop of Lagos, he provided stability and spiritual guidance during Nigeria’s early years of independence.

His life bridged the missionary-led church of the colonial period and the African-led Anglican Church that emerged in the post-independence era. Kale’s legacy continues to be honored within both educational and ecclesiastical circles as a symbol of integrity, scholarship, and faithful service.

Sources:
Storer, Richard. Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (1974)

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