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PHOTOS: The Origin of the Name “Nigeria” Flora Shaw’s Proposal in 1897

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The name “Nigeria” first appeared in print on 8 January 1897 in The Times of London, in an article written and signed by Flora Shaw, the paper’s colonial editor. Shaw—who would later marry Sir Frederick Lugard, the future High Commissioner of the Northern Nigerian Protectorate—suggested the name as a concise and practical alternative to the long descriptive titles Europeans then used for the region.

Her proposal gave a single geographical label to an immense and culturally diverse area under increasing British influence. Shaw argued that a shorter name would simplify both administration and international recognition at a time when Britain was expanding its colonial presence in West Africa.

Derivation from the Niger River

Shaw’s name derived from the River Niger, the great waterway that flows through present-day Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria before emptying into the Atlantic.

The origin of the word “Niger” itself remains debated. Some scholars trace it to the Latin “niger,” meaning black, a term used by early European geographers to describe the dark waters or the people along the river. Others suggest it came from a local Tuareg phrase—often cited as egerew n-igerewen—used by peoples along the middle reaches of the river. Because neither explanation can be proven conclusively, historians generally present both as plausible.

Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial Descriptions

Before 1897, Europeans referred to the area with a variety of names:

“Central Sudan” or “Niger Sudan,” reflecting its location south of the Sahara.

“Hausa Territories,” in reference to the influential Hausa city-states of the north.

“Niger Empire,” used loosely in nineteenth-century travel literature.

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These labels highlighted powerful pre-colonial polities such as the Sokoto Caliphate, Oyo Empire, Benin Kingdom, and others, but none captured the entire territory in a single term.

Colonial Context and the 1914 Amalgamation

Shaw’s suggestion came at the height of British colonial expansion in West Africa. By 1900 the British government had proclaimed the Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria, formalising its control over the region.

In 1914, Sir Frederick Lugard—by then Shaw’s husband—oversaw the amalgamation of these two protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The name proposed by Flora Shaw seventeen years earlier became the official designation of the new political entity.

This act of naming exemplified a broader colonial pattern: compressing diverse ethnicities and kingdoms into a single administrative unit for imperial convenience. While the name “Nigeria” would later become a source of national pride, it originated as a tool of British governance.

Path to Independence and Enduring Legacy

The name endured through decades of colonial rule and into the era of nationalism. When Nigeria achieved independence on 1 October 1960, the colonial label became the name of the new Federal Republic of Nigeria, symbolising a modern state forged from many peoples and histories.

Over a century later, “Nigeria” remains more than a geographical term. It is a reminder of how colonial encounters shaped modern African identities and of how Nigerians have since infused the name with their own meanings of sovereignty and unity.

Key Timeline

Pre-1897: Region variously described as Central Sudan, Niger Sudan, Hausa Territories, Niger Empire.

8 January 1897: Flora Shaw publishes the article “Nigeria” in The Times of London.

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1900: British government consolidates territories as Northern and Southern Protectorates.

1914: Lugard oversees the amalgamation; the name “Nigeria” becomes official.

1 October 1960: Independence as the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

Sources
Flora Shaw, “Nigeria,” The Times (London), 8 January 1897.

            Lord Lugard and Flora Shaw

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‘I have cancer,’ Nollywood actress Cynthia Anijekwu cries, calls for support

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Nollywood actress Cynthia Anijekwu has made an emotional appeal to Nigerians for financial assistance after revealing that she is battling cancer for the second time.

In a video circulating on social media on Tuesday, the actress disclosed that she was first diagnosed with cancer in 2023, when she underwent surgery followed by chemotherapy in a bid to halt the disease.

She maintained that doctors initially managed the condition after the treatment, but the cancer later returned and has since spread to her bones, requiring more intensive care, including radiation therapy and another surgery.

According to Anijekwu, recent medical examinations revealed that the cancer has spread to her bones, significantly increasing the cost and complexity of her treatment up to N600,000 every month.

The actress said doctors have recommended radiation therapy and another surgery as part of her ongoing care.

“I have cancer in 2023 (sic). I did my surgery and took chemotherapy, but later it came back again. I’ve been in and out of the hospital. The doctor recently told me it has reached my bones, and the treatment is now much more expensive,” she said.

“I need to live. I need to survive. I’m asking Nigerians to please help me. Anyone that can help, please, I need help. Even my hands have swollen. The cancer has affected both breasts. I need to live. Please help me. I need to survive.

“Your one naira, your two naira can add up to something reasonable for me to get the proper treatment for this cancer. I’m begging you, please help me,” she pleaded.

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Before her health challenge became public, Anijekwu built her career in Nollywood, featuring in several English- and Igbo-language productions.

However, there is no publicly verifiable record identifying a major blockbuster film or comprehensive filmography associated with the actress, as public attention has largely shifted to her battle with cancer in recent years.

The actress said the financial burden has become overwhelming for her family, prompting her to seek help from members of the public.

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It’s not easy, surrogate mother shares emotional journey

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A masked Nigerian surrogate mother has opened up about how financial hardship and what she described as an irresponsible partner led her to become a surrogate, saying the decision came after the loss of her second child.

The woman disclosed this during a new episode on Cruise TV published on YouTube on Sunday, where she recounted the emotional, financial and psychological realities of carrying children for other families.

She said becoming a surrogate was one of the hardest decisions she had ever made, describing the emotional attachment that develops during pregnancy despite knowing the child does not belong to her.

“Emotionally it’s not easy. Even when I started the journey, when the pregnancy was three months, I called my nurse that I don’t think I can cope again because it’s not easy to carry what is not yours.

“When you start having the emotional attachment, you keep reminding yourself that this is not mine. I tell myself it is a job, and that helps me cope, but the emotions still come and go.”

The woman explained that she became a gestational surrogate through IVF, meaning she had no biological connection to the babies she carried.

Speaking on what pushed her into surrogacy, she said her partner failed to provide for the family despite her efforts to support them.

“I had my first child. Unfortunately, my husband is not the person that is hardworking and he doesn’t take responsibility. I do work. There is no work I cannot do.

“When I became pregnant the second time, I could no longer work. We couldn’t even afford hospital bills.”

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She said complications during the pregnancy eventually led to the death of the baby, an experience that changed her outlook.

“That baby died, and that was the reason I made that decision. Instead of giving him another baby, I would rather help people who have the money to take care of me.

“If you don’t have the money to care for my health, I won’t do it for you.”

She disclosed that she initially declined financial compensation beyond medical care, accommodation and allowances, a decision she now regrets.

“I told them I didn’t want any compensation aside from the process, monthly allowance, wardrobe allowance and accommodation fee, but that was a mistake.

“I won’t do it again,” she said.

The surrogate mother also said she would not encourage her daughter to follow the same path because of the emotional and health risks involved.

“I cannot advise my daughter to be a surrogate.”

She added that she relocated during one of her pregnancies to avoid stigma and often told people the baby had died whenever they asked questions.

According to her, surrogate mothers also face psychological challenges after delivery despite undergoing counselling before and after childbirth.

While acknowledging that surrogacy has helped many couples struggling with infertility, she maintained that the process is far more demanding than many people realise.

“Surrogacy is not as simple as people think.”

She called for stronger regulation of the practice to protect surrogate mothers from exploitation and ensure adequate emotional and financial support.

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I waited 18 years before welcoming twins – Nollywood star Ricardo Agbor

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Veteran Nollywood actor, Ricardo Agbor, has opened up about his 18-year journey to parenthood, revealing that he and his wife waited nearly two decades before welcoming their twins.

The actor disclosed this during an interview with AfricanAList published on Sunday, where he reflected on his marriage, faith and the challenges he faced before becoming a father.

Agbor said he remained committed to his wife throughout the period, despite the long wait for children.

“I wanted to get married to a particular lady; I married her regardless of where she is from. She is not from my tribe. So ordinarily, we were supposed to have strife; no, it was very fair,” he said.

Speaking about the couple’s struggle with childlessness, the actor said he specifically prayed for twins and refused to give up despite waiting for 18 years.

“It took 18 years for me to have the twins. And I waited. God knows, 18 years and they are 14 now, so I told God I wanted twins.

“So while that wait was on, if it were someone else, he would cross. But at the end of the day, I have twins. I have a boy and a girl. I asked God what I wanted,” he added.

Agbor also recounted what he described as the most painful experience of his life — the death of his mother.

According to him, she had been receiving treatment for about three weeks without any improvement before doctors advised that she should be flown to South Africa for further medical care.

The actor said his mother requested to be moved to another private hospital in Surulere, but she died in his arms while he was helping her into the car.

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“My mom died right in my arms. At the hospital, they were bringing almost 10 doctors to do tests… the sickness was not improving after almost three weeks.

“It was after three weeks that they told me to come and carry my mom and take her to South Africa. I took my mom away and took her to another private hospital within Surulere. It was my mom that told me to take her away from that place. As I was carrying her into the car, she gave up,” he said.

Agbor said the loss left him devastated, noting that it was the first time he had cried outside acting.

“I think that was the first time I cried in my life. I don’t cry. If I cry, maybe it is in a movie and it is a role. So I cried. It was painful,” he added.

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