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States pay N455bn to service foreign loans

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States paid N455.38bn in foreign debt service in 2025, up from N362.08bn in 2024, according to Federation Accounts Allocation Committee figures released by the National Bureau of Statistics and obtained and analysed by The PUNCH.

The year-on-year comparison indicates that subnational governments’ foreign debt deductions rose by N93.30bn, representing a 25.77 per cent increase in 2025 over the prior year.

In plain terms, states collectively lost a larger share of their FAAC inflows to external loan repayments and related obligations in 2025 than in 2024, tightening the fiscal space available for salaries, capital projects, and routine governance.

The monthly pattern in 2025 also shows step-downs rather than a smooth curve. Total foreign debt service across the 36 states stood at N40.09bn in January, before easing to N39.10bn in February, a month-on-month drop of N994.96m, or 2.48 per cent.

From March through July, the national total held steady at N39.10bn each month, suggesting a stretch of largely fixed, predictable deductions. The next big shift came in August, when total deductions fell again to N36.14bn, down N2.95bn or 7.56 per cent from July.

The lower level then persisted through September, October, November, and December, each at N36.14bn. That step pattern contrasts with 2024, when the totals swung more sharply early in the year before settling into long flat runs.

States’ foreign debt service was N9.88bn in January 2024, then jumped to N24.53bn in February and peaked at N40.41bn in March. The total then dropped to N21.70bn in April and stayed flat at that level through May, June, and July.

A second step-up arrived in August 2024, when deductions rose to N40.09bn, and that figure held through the last five months of the year.

Against that backdrop, 2025 looked like a year of smaller but still significant recalibration, with two key reductions and long stretches of stable deductions.

Foreign debt service in the FAAC context refers to deductions made at source from allocations to meet states’ external loan repayment obligations. It is part of the “first line charge” culture that protects creditors and ensures repayments are prioritised, but it also means states have less discretionary cash to deploy, particularly in months where federation revenue is under pressure.

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A closer look at the states with the largest foreign debt service burdens in 2025 shows a strong concentration. The top 10 states alone accounted for about 68.57 per cent of total foreign debt service in the year, showing how external debt repayment exposure is heavily skewed toward a handful of large borrowers.

Lagos topped the table, with N92.80bn deducted in 2025, up from N72.32bn in 2024. That was an increase of N20.49bn or 28.33 per cent, meaning roughly one-fifth of the entire national total for 2025 came from Lagos alone, at 20.38 per cent of all state foreign debt service.

Rivers followed, recording N48.58bn in 2025 against N23.13bn in 2024. The year-on-year jump of N25.45bn represented a steep 110.02 per cent increase, making Rivers one of the most notable movers in the data.

Kaduna ranked third at N47.93bn in 2025, compared with N45.59bn in 2024. Its foreign debt service rose by N2.34bn, a more modest 5.13 per cent increase, but the absolute figure remained high enough to keep Kaduna among the biggest contributors nationally.

In fourth place was Ogun, with deductions totalling N25.20bn in 2025, up from N11.99bn in 2024. That translated into a N13.21bn increase or 110.22 per cent, effectively meaning Ogun’s foreign debt service more than doubled year-on-year.

Cross River ranked fifth with N21.01bn in 2025, up from N17.10bn in 2024. The N3.91bn increase represented 22.86 per cent, keeping Cross River among the higher external repayment states.

Oyo ranked sixth, posting N20.17bn in 2025, up from N17.85bn in 2024. Its foreign debt service rose by N2.32bn, a 12.98 per cent increase. Edo came seventh with N18.70bn in 2025, compared with N16.73bn in 2024. The state recorded a N1.97bn rise, translating to 11.78 per cent.

Bauchi ranked eighth at N16.85bn in 2025, up from N13.75bn in 2024. That is an increase of N3.10bn, representing 22.58 per cent. Kano placed ninth, with N10.63bn in 2025 compared with N8.53bn in 2024. The difference of N2.10bn represented 24.67 per cent growth.

Rounding out the top 10 was Ebonyi, where foreign debt service rose to N10.37bn in 2025 from N6.77bn in 2024. The increase of N3.60bn was 53.09 per cent, placing Ebonyi among the fastest growers in the top bracket.

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Beyond the top 10, the pattern across the remaining states still points to broad-based pressure. Several states posted multi-billion-naira annual totals even outside the leading group, reflecting how external debt servicing has become a routine and material component of FAAC deductions for many governments.

When the figures are viewed through the geopolitical lens, the concentration remains clear. The South-West recorded the highest foreign debt service in 2025 at N162.77bn, accounting for 35.74 per cent of the national total. This zone’s dominance was driven largely by Lagos, alongside sizeable deductions in Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo, and Ekiti.

The South-South ranked second, with N100.37bn, or 22.04 per cent of total foreign debt service, in 2025. The zone’s total was supported by significant deductions in Rivers, Edo, Cross River, Delta, Akwa Ibom, and Bayelsa, showing that the external debt repayment burden is not limited to one or two standout states.

The North-West came third at N81.97bn, representing 18.00 per cent of the national total. Kaduna’s high deductions played a major role, complemented by Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Jigawa, Sokoto, and Zamfara.

Outside the top three, the North East recorded N42.42bn, or 9.32 per cent, reflecting sizable deductions in states such as Bauchi, Adamawa, Borno, Gombe, Taraba, and Yobe. The South-East posted N40.20bn, about 8.83 per cent, excluding Edo, but the region’s total was anchored by states such as Imo, Enugu, Abia, Anambra, and Ebonyi.

The North Central recorded the lowest among the six zones at N27.65bn or 6.07 per cent, covering Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, and Plateau.

In a recent statement, the acting Director of Communication and Stakeholders Management at the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Mrs Obiageli Onuorah, noted that states face financial strain due to debt repayments, despite record-high disbursements from the Federation Accounts Allocation Committee.

According to the statement, a NEITI report showed that several states with high debt burdens also ranked lower in FAAC allocations, raising concerns about their fiscal sustainability and their ability to fund critical projects.

“The report noted that many states with high debt ratios were in the lower half of the FAAC allocation rankings but ranked higher for debt deductions, raising concerns about their debt-to-revenue ratios and overall fiscal health,” the statement read.

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Also, economists have warned that without a significant increase in revenue generation, the rising debt service burden could crowd out spending on essential services and infrastructure.

The Director and Chief Economist at Proshare Nigeria LLC, Teslim Shitta-Bey, earlier warned that the rising debt burden on Nigeria’s subnational governments could challenge their fiscal stability in the coming years.

He stressed that most state governments, along with the Federal Government, had failed to manage their balance sheets effectively. Speaking to The PUNCH, Shitta-Bey said, “The challenge here is that most of the governments, including the Federal Government, are unable to manage their balance sheets properly. While borrowing might seem like an easy way to run operations, it is not necessarily the right approach.”

According to Shitta-Bey, borrowing should not be the default solution for governments. “Governments could consider longer-term debt structures that resemble equity, which might actually be more beneficial in the long run,” he explained.

He also called for a comprehensive register of national assets to help states raise capital. He used the example of the National Stadium, which had not been used for major activities for a while.

Shitta-Bey lamented the underuse of state revenue bonds, which were originally designed to generate revenue. “States need to focus on raising revenue bonds instead of general obligation bonds,” he said.

A macroeconomic analyst, Dayo Adenubi, also emphasised the need for states to take more targeted steps toward boosting internally generated revenue as they grapple with rising debt obligations and constrained federal transfers.

According to Adenubi, one key strategy is to raise consumption levels in order to increase Value Added Tax collections. He also stressed the importance of improving tax collection within state corridors, especially by enforcing taxes such as property taxes and transport-related levies, while ensuring that governments deliver on the social contract to maintain citizen trust and compliance.

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Marketers push N800/litre petrol, seek import licences

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Independent petroleum marketers on Monday pushed for the restoration of importation rights and projected that the pump price of Premium Motor Spirit, popularly called petrol, could fall below N800 per litre as the Federal Government intensified efforts to force down the cost of petrol.

The development came as the Federal Government met with major operators in the downstream petroleum sector, including representatives of the Dangote Petroleum Refinery, over what it described as the disconnect between falling global crude oil prices and the relatively high pump prices of petrol in the domestic market.

The stakeholders’ meeting on cost-reflective pricing of PMS, held at the headquarters of the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority in Abuja, brought together the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission, the Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria, the Major Energy Marketers Association of Nigeria, the Depot and Petroleum Products Retailers Association of Nigeria, the Depot and Petroleum Products Marketers Association of Nigeria, the Nigerian Association of Road Transport Owners, and other major operators in the sector.

Also in attendance were chief executives and representatives of TotalEnergies, Eterna Plc, Matrix Energy Group, officials of the NMDPRA, and delegates from the Dangote refinery.

The PUNCH reports that petrol prices have remained a major source of hardship for households and businesses in Nigeria, with pump prices surging following the spike in global crude oil prices triggered by tensions in the Middle East, particularly between Iran and the United States.

Although crude prices have moderated after diplomatic efforts eased the tensions, the reduction has yet to be fully reflected in domestic petrol prices, prompting the Federal Government to convene a stakeholders’ meeting aimed at driving a fair reduction in pump prices.

The National President of the Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria, Abubakar Maigandi, urged the government to permit independent marketers to import petroleum products directly, saying greater competition would ultimately reduce prices.

Maigandi also called for support for local refineries, particularly the Dangote Petroleum Refinery, while stressing the need to allow marketers to import products whenever necessary.

“Our major is that if products are to be distributed, let IPMAN buy products directly from the Dangote refinery and then, if we request importation, let IPMAN import by themselves. What we are trying to encourage is our local refinery. Let the government allow the local refinery to function properly and assist those who intend to refine products too,” he said.

The IPMAN president assured Nigerians that independent marketers were prepared to slash petrol prices significantly and projected that pump prices could fall below N800 per litre under the right market conditions.

“The price of the product is coming down bit by bit. Even when the price was increased, it was not increased at the same time. Likewise, now, as the price is coming down, we too are bringing the price down. If you check prices all over the country, you will see that independent petroleum marketers are reducing their prices gradually. Presently, we have reduced by N125 per litre nationwide,” he stated.

Miagandi added, “At any time when there is a reduction in price, we are ready to reduce the price to even below N800 per litre, not even N900. It depends on the way we buy the product from the private depot owners and the Dangote refinery.

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“I thank God that the Dangote refinery has accepted independent petroleum marketers to start purchasing products directly. It is a plus, and very soon the populace will see the change in terms of price.”

The renewed push for importation comes amid an intense pricing battle in the downstream sector following the commencement of large-scale production at the Dangote refinery and the deregulation of the petrol market.

Speaking to journalists after a closed-door session with the stakeholders, the Minister of State for Petroleum Resources (Oil), Senator Heineken Lokpobiri, said the government remained concerned that current petrol prices were not reflective of prevailing crude oil prices in the international market.

According to him, the government had engaged marketers in frank discussions aimed at ensuring that the reduction in global crude prices translates into lower pump prices for Nigerians.

Lokpobiri said, “The engagements are ongoing. We had very fruitful and frank discussions with the marketers and the leaders of the downstream sector of the petroleum industry with a view to driving down the price of PMS.

“My own opinion is that the petrol prices are not cost-reflective; they are not reflective of the cost of crude oil. But the marketers are also saying that crude oil prices are still high.

“In fact, somebody told us right there that the crude oil price for a month is still over $90 per barrel. But we are saying that when Brent crude was over $118 per barrel, the price was rapidly going up. Now that the price has come down drastically, why has petrol not come down correspondingly? That is a worry.”

The minister said the government had communicated the concerns of consumers to operators and directed them to return with practical measures that would lead to lower petrol prices.

“We have said that these are the issues of concern to the government. They have also said they will go back and think about what they can put together with a view to addressing the issue of the high cost of PMS that is not reflective of the price of crude in the market.

“We told them the concern of the Nigerian consumer, and they have also said they will go back and think of what concrete steps can be taken with a view to ensuring that the price drops,” he stated.

On when Nigerians should expect a reduction in petrol prices, Lokpobiri said discussions were still ongoing and declined to give a deadline. “As we called you today, we will call you as soon as possible. But the important thing is that discussions are ongoing,” he added.

Before the closed-door meeting, Lokpobiri warned petroleum marketers against using profits from previously acquired expensive fuel inventories as justification for maintaining high petrol prices, insisting that the benefits of lower replacement costs must be passed on to consumers.

The government said the continued disconnect between falling international crude oil prices and domestic petrol prices had become a source of concern, warning petroleum marketers against sustaining high pump prices of Premium Motor Spirit despite declining global crude prices and insisting that Nigerians should enjoy the benefits of lower replacement costs in a deregulated market.

He insisted that temporary gains realised from inventories purchased when crude oil prices were higher should not become the basis for sustaining elevated pump prices after global oil prices had declined.

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“I am aware that PMS pricing is influenced by several factors beyond crude oil prices, but it is equally important to distinguish between genuine replacement cost and windfall gains arising from inventory management.

“Temporary gains realised from inventories acquired at higher prices should not become the basis for sustaining elevated pump prices after replacement costs have declined. As inventories are replenished at lower costs, the benefits of those lower costs should be transmitted to consumers in a timely and transparent manner. That is the essence of a competitive and efficiently functioning market,” he stated.

According to the minister, as marketers replenish their stocks at lower costs, reductions in procurement expenses should be reflected promptly in ex-depot and retail petrol prices in line with the principles of a competitive and efficient deregulated market.

The minister added that the Federal Government remained committed to protecting consumers in the post-subsidy era, stressing that deregulation was not designed to create opportunities for excessive pricing or market distortions but to deepen competition, improve efficiency, and deliver value to Nigerians.

He further warned that sustaining high energy costs beyond what prevailing market conditions justify could worsen inflationary pressures and undermine the gains recorded in moderating the country’s inflation rate.

The minister urged petroleum marketers and operators to immediately transmit the benefits of falling global crude oil prices to Nigerian consumers, warning that deregulation should not be exploited to sustain high petrol prices and generate windfall gains.

His comments come amid growing public concerns over the slow pace of reductions in petrol prices despite the sharp moderation in crude oil prices in recent months.

According to the minister, international crude prices traded between $61 and $65 per barrel in January before surging above $118 per barrel in April following heightened geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. However, prices have since declined to around $71 per barrel after the easing of the tensions.

He noted that while the earlier rise in crude prices exerted upward pressure on petrol prices, the subsequent decline had not been reflected proportionately in domestic pump prices.

“Ordinarily, such movements in crude oil prices should be reflected in the pricing of refined petroleum products. While the initial increase in crude prices understandably exerted upward pressure on PMS prices, the subsequent moderation in crude oil prices has not translated into a commensurate reduction in pump prices across the domestic market.

“This disconnect has understandably raised concerns. PMS peaked at about N1,596 per litre in May and currently sells at around N1,296 per litre. While there has been some reduction, the adjustment has not been commensurate with the decline in underlying market conditions,” the minister said.

He also called for the speedy operationalisation of the National Strategic Stock, describing it as a critical instrument for safeguarding national energy security and moderating future price shocks.

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“The National Strategic Stock will strengthen national energy security, reduce exposure to supply disruptions, and moderate price volatility. There is urgency in ensuring that this mechanism becomes fully operational,” he said.

Nigeria’s petrol market has witnessed sharp fluctuations in prices over the past year, with pump prices peaking at over N1,500 per litre in some parts of the country following spikes in global crude oil prices and exchange rate volatility.

However, the recent decline in international oil prices and improved domestic refining capacity have increased pressure on marketers to cut prices, with many consumers expecting further reductions in the coming weeks.

The outcome of the government’s engagement with operators could determine the next phase of competition in the downstream sector and whether Nigerians will eventually see petrol prices fall to the N800 per litre level projected by marketers.

Earlier in his opening remarks, the Authority Chief Executive of the NMDPRA, Rabiu Umar, said the meeting was convened at the directive of the minister to address the growing concerns surrounding petrol pricing and ensure that Nigerians benefit from improvements in global market conditions.

Umar recalled that a similar engagement with operators in the domestic gas sector had recently resulted in a noticeable reduction in liquefied petroleum gas prices, expressing optimism that the same collaborative approach could deliver results in the petrol market.

“Just two weeks ago, many of us gathered in a similar forum to discuss the domestic gas sector. The candid dialogue and the actionable wins we secured during that session are already bearing fruit. Notably, we have seen LPG prices coming down significantly across the market, and we look forward to seeing even more reduction within the next two weeks.

“It is exactly this kind of tangible success that inspired today’s gathering. When regulators and industry operators sit at the same table, we do not just debate challenges; we engineer solutions,” he said.

The NMDPRA boss acknowledged that global crude prices had moderated significantly in recent weeks but lamented that the domestic retail market had yet to adjust accordingly.

“As a responsible regulatory authority, it is our duty to step in alongside you, our valued partners, to interrogate the market forces, understand the operational bottlenecks, and directly address this disconnect between falling replacement costs and sustained retail prices.

“Deregulation is not a licence for market distortion or unfair consumer pricing. It is intended to drive efficiency, maximise value, and protect the public interest. Sustainable profitability for marketers and consumer welfare are not mutually exclusive. We need to build a transparent ecosystem where the benefits of market improvements are passed down to the Nigerian consumer in a timely and fair manner,” Umar added.

He stressed that the objective of the meeting was not to dictate prices but to collaborate with industry stakeholders on practical solutions that would keep businesses viable while protecting consumers.

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UBA names Nnorom chairman as Elumelu exits board

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United Bank for Africa Plc has announced that its Group Chairman, Tony Elumelu, will retire from the Board of Directors of UBA on August 21, 2026.

The decision follows the completion of the 12-year tenure limit prescribed for non-executive directors of banks by the Central Bank of Nigeria.

This was contained in a statement issued by the bank and sent to The PUNCH on Monday. The statement, signed by the Group Head of Marketing and Corporate Communications for United Bank for Africa Plc, Alero Ladipo, noted that the financial institution is entering a new phase of strategic growth.

“At its meeting held on July 6, 2026, the board accepted Mr Elumelu’s retirement and elected Mr Emmanuel Nnorom, a Non-Executive Director of the bank, as his successor, with effect from August 21, 2026,” the statement read in part.

The board appreciated Elumelu for his visionary leadership and exceptional contribution to the strategic vision and institutional strength of the UBA Group.

Elumelu’s tenure has been described as a defining chapter in the group’s history. Under his stewardship, UBA was transformed into a pan-African institution operating in 20 African countries and four global financial centres, serving over 50 million customers.

Similarly, Nnorom is a chartered accountant with over 40 years’ experience in banking, finance, and audit. He brings to the role extensive leadership experience and deep institutional knowledge of the financial institution.

Commenting on his retirement, Elumelu said, “Serving United Bank for Africa has been one of the great privileges of my career. UBA has established a unique competitive position across Africa and globally, and I leave the board with great confidence in UBA’s future. Emmanuel Nnorom is a leader of integrity, experience, and sound judgement, and I am confident that the bank will continue to thrive under his leadership.”

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Also speaking on his appointment, Nnorom said, “I am honoured by the trust the board has placed in me and deeply conscious of the legacy I inherit. I look forward to working with my colleagues on the board, management, and our staff across all our markets to sustain UBA’s momentum and continue delivering long-term value to our shareholders, customers, and stakeholders.”

United Bank for Africa Plc, widely recognised as Africa’s global bank, operates across 20 African countries and has an active footprint in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, France, and the United Arab Emirates. UBA provides retail, commercial, and institutional banking services while leading financial inclusion through cutting-edge technology.

The financial group stands as one of the largest employers in the financial sector on the African continent, boasting 25,000 employees group-wide. Established in 1949, the UBA Group has evolved significantly over the last 75 years.

Meanwhile, at the close of trading on Monday, the share price of the financial giant gained N1.40, representing a 3.41 per cent increase to close at N42.40 from N41.00 at the start of trading for the day. Investors traded 13.768 million shares valued at N577.82m in 1,566 deals.

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Dangote beats US, ships N757bn jet fuel to Europe – Report reveals

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Dangote Petroleum Refinery exported about 466,000 metric tonnes of jet fuel to Europe in June, valued at an estimated N757bn, overtaking shipments from the United States and others.

This is as Nigerian jet fuel exports to the continent reached their highest level since the country became a net exporter of aviation fuel in 2024.

According to a market report by S&P Global Commodity Insights, the refinery’s exports came as the European jet fuel market turned increasingly bearish following a sharp decline in prices from the highs recorded during the Middle East conflict.

The report stated that flows of jet fuel from Nigeria to Europe rose from 232,000 metric tonnes in May to 466,000 metric tonnes in June, the highest volume exported from the country to Europe since Nigeria became a net exporter of jet fuel in 2024, when the Dangote Refinery commenced aviation fuel production.

The June export volume is equivalent to about 582.5 million litres of jet fuel. At an estimated domestic value of N1,300 per litre, the shipment is worth about N757.25bn.

On the other hand, aviation fuel exports from the United States fell sharply in the past months. The report showed that jet fuel exports from the United States to Europe declined steadily over the same period, falling from a record 818,000 metric tonnes in April to 560,000 metric tonnes in May and further to 399,000 metric tonnes in June, leaving Nigeria as a bigger supplier to Europe during the month.

Commenting on the market, a trader attributed the oversupply partly to increased shipments from Dangote and the United States. “Jet is oversupplied because of high local refinery production; refineries pushed back maintenance to make the most of the high prices.

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“The US and Dangote also shipped large volumes. Now there are some flows resuming through the Suez, too, from the UAE, but let’s see how it goes,” the trader was quoted as saying.

The report noted that the European jet fuel forward curve had weakened significantly after reaching record highs during the Middle East war, as traders now anticipate an oversupplied summer market amid weaker-than-expected aviation demand.

According to Platts, part of S&P Global Commodity Insights, the Northwest Europe jet CIF cargo financial assessment for July dropped to $981.75 per metric tonne on June 30, down sharply from the all-time high of $1,694.25 per metric tonne recorded on March 30.

Similarly, the August contract declined from $1,507.50 per metric tonne on March 30 to $968.25 per metric tonne by June 30.

The report added that Europe could receive even more jet fuel supplies in the coming months as the East-West arbitrage remains attractive, encouraging exporters in the Middle East and India to ship cargoes westward.

While flows from the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were absent in June, shipments from Saudi Arabia increased to about 106,000 metric tonnes, up from 7,000 metric tonnes in May, while exports from India rose from 129,000 metric tonnes to 197,000 metric tonnes over the same period.

Despite the current oversupply, two European jet fuel traders reportedly told Platts that market conditions would depend largely on developments in the Strait of Hormuz and the pace at which Middle Eastern refineries recover from disruptions caused by the recent conflict.

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They also noted that stronger summer travel demand and refiners’ growing preference to maximise diesel production over jet fuel could gradually help rebalance the aviation fuel market.

Data from the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority showed that the Dangote refinery exported an estimated 1.66 billion litres of refined petroleum products in April 2026.

This was during the mounting tensions in the Middle East that caused disruption to global fuel supply routes.

An analysis of the NMDPRA’s April 2026 fact sheet showed that the country exported about 513 million litres of premium motor spirit, popularly called ‘petrol’; 534 million litres of automotive gas oil, also known as diesel; and 615 million litres of aviation fuel within the month in April.

The Dangote refinery is the only major functional refinery in Nigeria that currently produces enough refined petroleum products for both local consumption and export.

Nigeria has become a net petrol exporter for the first time in decades due to rising output from the Dangote refinery. The refinery had earlier exported about 434 million litres of petrol in March after domestic production exceeded local consumption levels.

The latest figures underscore Nigeria’s gradual transition from a major importer of refined petroleum products to an export hub within Africa. It was observed that jet fuel exports may rise further with the instability caused by the Middle East crisis, which disrupted traditional supply chains serving Europe and other regions.

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