Lifestyle
Ghana Must Go: The Bag, the Border, and the Blame (PHOTOS)
In January 1983, over a million West African migrants—mostly Ghanaians—were expelled from Nigeria in a mass deportation order that came to be remembered by three bitter words: Ghana Must Go.
At the heart of this wave was a blue-and-red chequered plastic bag. Affordable, durable, and easy to carry, it became the makeshift suitcase for desperate migrants forced to pack their lives in hours and leave the country they had called home. That bag would later become forever associated with the phrase
Ghana Must Go—a symbol of exile, xenophobia, and survival.
Nigeria, freshly rich from oil in the 1970s, had drawn thousands of West Africans—including Ghanaians—seeking work, education, and opportunity. But by the early 1980s, oil prices had crashed, unemployment soared, and crime increased. The Nigerian government, under President Shehu Shagari, blamed the economic downturn in part on the influx of undocumented foreigners and ordered their expulsion.
Ghanaians, who had once opened their borders to Nigerians fleeing the Nigerian Civil War in the late 1960s, now found themselves being trucked out in droves, sometimes in dehumanising conditions. The exodus strained Ghana’s already struggling economy, but also marked a painful shift in West African unity.
Today, Ghana Must Go is more than a bag—it is a reminder of how quickly neighbours can become strangers, and how migration, hospitality, and history are often intertwined in complicated, emotional ways.
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Balogun Odueyingbo Kuku was a prominent 19th-century warlord and influential leader in Ijebu-Ode
Balogun Odueyingbo Kuku was a prominent 19th-century warlord and influential leader in Ijebu-Ode, a key town in present-day Ogun State, Nigeria. Known for his military prowess, immense wealth, and contributions to Islam in Ijebuland, Balogun Kuku was a towering figure in both the political and religious landscape of his time.
He held the prestigious title of Balogun, meaning “warlord” or “military commander,” becoming the second person to bear this title in Ijebu-Ode. During the British expedition that led to the conquest of Ijebuland in 1892, Balogun Kuku emerged as a leading voice among the Ijebu people. Though the Awujale was the traditional ruler, Kuku’s influence as a military and spiritual leader positioned him as a central figure in the community, particularly among Ijebu Muslims.
Balogun Kuku was reputed to be the wealthiest and most powerful man in Ijebu during his lifetime. His economic influence was so substantial that he received an annual subvention from the colonial administration that amounted to half of what was allocated to the Awujale, the town’s sovereign. This level of financial power underscored his dominance not just in military and religious spheres but also in commerce and politics.
As a devout Muslim, Kuku played a significant role in the spread of Islam in Ijebuland. He is credited with initiating the Ojude Oba Festival, a vibrant cultural and religious event that began in 1896 and continues to this day. Originally conceived as a Muslim tribute to the Awujale after the Eid-el-Kabir celebration, the festival has grown into one of Nigeria’s most colorful and enduring cultural traditions.
Balogun Kuku was born into a distinguished family. His father, Odusanya, was a respected community figure, while his mother, Detimoku, was the daughter of Erelu Adeoti, the first woman to hold the title of Erelu in Ijebu-Ode. Following his mother’s death, young Kuku was raised by his grandmother, Erelu Adeoti, in a household that was deeply involved in the political and spiritual affairs of the town. This upbringing helped shape his leadership style and deepened his commitment to community development.
Kuku’s residence, the Olorunsogo House, is a testament to his legacy. Constructed by skilled Brazilian returnees (often referred to as “Aguda”) who brought Afro-Brazilian architectural techniques to Nigeria, the building remains an architectural landmark and a symbol of Ijebu heritage. Today, his descendants continue to preserve his memory and uphold the values he championed—leadership, faith, and cultural pride.
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This iconic photograph brings together three of Nigeria’s most influential nationalist leaders—Nnamdi Azikiwe, Sir Ahmadu Bello, and Obafemi Awolowo—men whose political vision and leadership shaped the country’s path to independence and the fragile years of early nationhood. Captured during the constitutional negotiations of the late 1950s that paved the way for independence in 1960, the image embodies the delicate alliance of regional leaders who worked—sometimes in competition, often in uneasy partnership—to define Nigeria’s federal destiny.
Nnamdi Azikiwe: The “Father of Nigerian Nationalism”
On the left stands Rt. Hon. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904–1996), affectionately called “Zik of Africa.” A journalist turned statesman and pan-Africanist, Azikiwe used the press as a weapon against colonial rule and helped awaken nationalist consciousness across West Africa.
He co-founded the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) in 1944 and became Nigeria’s first indigenous Governor-General (1960–1963) before assuming office as the country’s first President (1963–1966) when Nigeria became a republic.
Azikiwe’s vision of a united, democratic Nigeria and his belief in non-violent, constitutional methods made him a bridge-builder among Nigeria’s many ethnic and regional groups. His writings and political strategy earned him the title “Father of Nigerian Nationalism,” inspiring future generations of African leaders.
Sir Ahmadu Bello: The Premier of the North
At the center is Sir Ahmadu Bello (1910–1966), Sardauna of Sokoto and the first—and only—Premier of Northern Nigeria. A descendant of the Sokoto Caliphate’s founder, Usman dan Fodio, Bello co-founded the Northern People’s Congress (NPC) and became the most powerful political figure in the North.
During the independence negotiations, Bello deliberately chose to remain Premier of the Northern Region, elevating his protégé Abubakar Tafawa Balewa to become Nigeria’s first Prime Minister. This decision demonstrated his commitment to strengthening the North’s political base while allowing for a national government that reflected Nigeria’s federal character.
Bello championed education, regional development, and political modernization, ensuring that Northern Nigeria entered independence with a stronger institutional footing. His assassination during Nigeria’s first military coup in January 1966 cut short a towering career, but his influence on northern politics remains profound.
Obafemi Awolowo: Visionary of the West
On the right stands Chief Obafemi Awolowo (1909–1987), Premier of the Western Region and founder of the Action Group (AG). Awolowo introduced free primary education and comprehensive health-care initiatives, making Western Nigeria the first in Africa to achieve near-universal primary schooling.
A trained lawyer, economist and political strategist, Awolowo was a strong advocate of federalism as the best system to manage Nigeria’s diversity. After independence, he served as Leader of the Opposition in the federal parliament, providing an articulate counterweight to the ruling coalition and shaping national debate on economic planning and social welfare.
Awolowo’s progressive policies and intellectual rigor earned him enduring respect as one of Nigeria’s foremost thinkers and reformers.
A Shared Legacy of Nation-Building
Though they represented different regions and parties—the NCNC in the East, the NPC in the North, and the Action Group in the West—Azikiwe, Bello and Awolowo were united in their determination to end British colonial rule and lay the foundation of a federal Nigeria.
Their collaboration and rivalry defined the years leading up to 1 October 1960, when Nigeria achieved independence. Yet their regional power bases and competing visions for the young nation also foreshadowed the political tensions that would later test Nigeria’s unity.
This historic photograph captures more than three men; it captures a pivotal moment when the dream of a united, independent Nigeria rested on the shoulders of leaders whose legacies continue to shape the nation’s political landscape.
Sources
James S. Coleman, Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (University of California Press, 1958).
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