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Dr Oguntola Odunbaku Sapara: The Physician Who Fought Disease and Superstition in Colonial Nigeria

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How a visionary doctor from Lagos transformed public health and modern medicine in early 20th-century Nigeria

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Dr Oguntola Odunbaku Sapara (1861–1935) was one of Nigeria’s earliest Western-trained physicians. Renowned for his campaign against smallpox and his efforts to improve public sanitation, Sapara laid the foundations for modern public health in Lagos during the colonial era.

A Pioneer of Nigerian Medicine

The image shows Dr Oguntola Odunbaku Sapara (1861–1935) — a pioneering Nigerian physician, public health reformer, and one of the most influential figures in early colonial medicine. His work bridged the worlds of traditional Yoruba culture and Western scientific practice, earning him lasting recognition as a man who devoted his life to fighting disease, ignorance, and unsanitary living conditions.

Born Alexander Johnson Williams in Freetown, Sierra Leone, to Yoruba parents, Sapara’s early life was shaped by a blend of Western education and African heritage. Later in life, he would reclaim his cultural identity by adopting the name Oguntola Odunbaku Sapara, symbolising his deep pride in his Yoruba roots.

Education and Early Career

Sapara pursued medical studies at St Thomas’ Hospital Medical School in London and qualified as a doctor in the late 19th century. His education reflected the growing class of African professionals trained in Europe during the colonial period, returning home with new ideas for improving local health systems.

After completing his studies, Sapara returned to West Africa and joined the colonial medical service in Lagos Colony in 1896 as an Assistant Colonial Surgeon. At the time, Lagos — then a bustling port city — was plagued by poor sanitation, overcrowded slums, and recurring outbreaks of infectious diseases such as smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever.

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Fighting Disease and Improving Public Health

Dr Sapara’s tenure in the colonial service lasted over three decades, from 1896 until his retirement in 1928. Throughout this period, he became a relentless advocate for public hygiene, disease prevention, and medical education.

One of his major achievements was the establishment of Lagos’ first public dispensary in 1901, which provided free or affordable healthcare to the city’s poor residents. At a time when access to Western medicine was limited to the wealthy or colonial officials, this initiative represented a groundbreaking step toward public health equity.

Sapara was also instrumental in founding a society for training midwives, recognising that many childbirth-related deaths could be prevented through better maternal care. His foresight in promoting women’s participation in healthcare demonstrated a progressive understanding of community-based health systems.

The War Against Smallpox and the “Cult of Disease”

Perhaps Sapara’s most famous — and most dangerous — work was his fight against smallpox. Smallpox was rampant in Yoruba communities at the turn of the 20th century, and traditional “smallpox cults” had emerged around the worship of Ṣọ̀npọ̀nná, the Yoruba deity associated with the disease.

Many of these cults discouraged vaccination, insisting that the disease should be appeased through ritual rather than prevented through science. Sapara, deeply aware of the cultural roots of such beliefs, chose an unconventional strategy: he infiltrated the cult under disguise to study its practices from within.

Armed with first-hand knowledge, he worked to demystify smallpox rituals, expose harmful practices, and promote vaccination campaigns among the Yoruba people. His actions — blending cultural insight with medical science — not only helped curb smallpox outbreaks but also marked an early example of medical anthropology in practice.

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Sapara’s work eventually led to the colonial government banning secret inoculation practices and expanding official vaccination programmes across the Lagos Colony.

Urban Reform and Sanitation Advocacy

Beyond medicine, Sapara was a passionate urban reformer. He recognised that diseases thrived in the congested, unplanned areas of Lagos and tirelessly campaigned for slum clearance and proper drainage systems. His advocacy contributed to early public health policies that improved living conditions in parts of the city.

Sapara’s reports to the colonial authorities highlighted how environmental neglect and poor hygiene perpetuated epidemics. He argued that health reform should go hand-in-hand with social reform — a philosophy far ahead of its time.

Legacy and Recognition

Dr Oguntola Sapara retired from service in 1928 and passed away in 1935, leaving behind a monumental legacy in Nigerian public health. His life embodied courage, compassion, and the pursuit of scientific truth amidst cultural and colonial tensions.

In recognition of his contributions, a street in Lagos bears his name — Sapara Street — and he is frequently cited in Nigerian medical history as one of the founding figures of modern healthcare in West Africa.

His ability to balance Western medicine with indigenous understanding remains a model for culturally sensitive public health practice. Sapara’s approach demonstrated that reforming health systems in Africa required not only scientific skill but also respect for local traditions and empathy for the people.

References

National Archives of Nigeria, Lagos Division

Adeloye, A. “Some Early Nigerian Doctors and Their Contribution to Modern Medicine in West Africa.” Medical History Journal, 1974

Colonial Reports—Annual: Lagos, 1901–1928

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Nigerian Tribune: “Remembering Dr Oguntola Sapara, Nigeria’s Forgotten Medical Reformer” (2020)

The Guardian Nigeria Archives

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PHOTOS: Meet Prince Abimbola Onabanjo Of Ijebu Land(the New Awujale Of Ijebu Land Elect)

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I have heard that one of the strong ọmọ ọba who may likely clinch the highly exalted stool of the next Awujale of Ijebu Land, according to some reports, is Prince Abimbola Onabanjo.

Prince Abimbola Onabanjo hails from the royal family of Fusengbuwa in Ijebu-Ode. He is a 2007 graduate of Banking and Finance from Lagos State University (LASU) and has undergone several Graduate Business Executive trainings at prestigious institutions, including Harvard Business School, Columbia Business School, and The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.

Popularly known as Prince Abimbola among friends in Ijebu and Lagos, he is a young businessman with close to 20 years of experience. He is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Kleensteps Holdings, Extol Securities, and KMF Oils and Gas Limited.

Beyond his business accomplishments, he is also a philanthropist who has contributed immensely to several charitable projects across Ijebu Land in recent years. Few years ago, he reportedly committed 25m naira to 25 schools across Ijebu Ode as part of his vision for long term development of the land.

The young Prince had also in the past support the rehabilitation of road projects in Ijebu including the Balogun Court, Ojusgagbola Avenue, Abusalawu Street, and sections of Osipitan road. And there are many community projects like this, done from time to time.

Well, as the selection and ascension process is currently ongoing, I pray that the family heads, in choosing among the eligible princes, will do the needful.

A few weeks ago, I wrote about another prince, Dr. Adekunle Hassan, a 75-year-old ophthalmologist.

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Many reactions suggested that people would prefer the next Awujale to be young rather than elderly. Whatever the reasons may be, I hope this charming Prince Abimbola satisfies that wish 😊.

My foremost concern is fairness in the process and that only the legitimate and rightful ruling house as recognised in the Gazette should be allowed to produce the next king, and not ganusi from any corner. This is how we properly protect our heritage for posterity.
As a people, we must learn to wait for our turn.

I also hope that whoever emerges as the next Awujale will be blessed with wisdom, knowledge, and deep understanding of the sacred role of a traditional ruler in Yorubaland, as one who will be seen as a father to all, without prejudice to social class, religion, or age.

And one who will rule with wisdom and peace, and bring meaningful development to the land through the support of sons and daughters of Ijebu, as well as through strong networks in society.

May the best prince emerge.

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PHOTOS: Nollywood Actress Allwell Ademola was finally la!d to rest in Lagos

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Nollywood actress and film producer Allwell Ademola was laid to rest on Friday at Atan Cemetery, Yaba, Lagos State.

It was reported that the actress died on December 27, 2025, at the age of 49.

Colleagues from the film industry, including Afeez Abiodun, Rotimi Salami, Kunle Afod, and Abiola Adebayo, among others, attended the burial to pay their last respects to the actress, who was widely known for her role as “Mama Kate” in the 2018 film “Ile Wa.”

In viral videos seen by this newspaper, the actors who attended the final rites were visibly emotional, breaking down in tears as they poured sand on Ms Ademola’s coffin, which had already been lowered into the grave.

During a brief sermon at the cemetery, the pastor who officiated the burial urged attendees to reflect on their lives while they still had the opportunity.

Reminder

He said the burial served as a reminder that everyone would one day face the same end.

He added that the moment should prompt deep reflection on how one’s life journey would conclude, particularly for those harbouring malice or engaging in wrongdoing.

The pastor said, “Then you will discover that nobody has time. The will of God is that this should help us mend our ways before our Maker. He said the righteous will always consider this in their hearts. What are we going to do with this? She has lived her life. She has run the race and has gone to meet her maker, but what we are doing here is for you and me. As for her, she is rejoicing in the bosom of Abraham.

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“How will you end your journey? That malice, wickedness, “I will not agree” — who knows what is next? That is the million-dollar question before us today. Because in the next few days, nature has a way of putting forgetfulness in things. But will you remember that one day it will be my turn, just as it is her turn today? What God expects of us when we see things like this is to look up to God and say, ‘Father, help me to make the best of the time that is left.’”

Candlelight procession and service of songs

At the candlelight procession and service of songs, actors gathered to offer special prayers in memory of their late colleague.

The event, which took place on Thursday, was attended by prominent figures in the industry, including Odunlade Adekola, Saheed Balogun, Bolaji Amusan, Iyabo Ojo, Fausat Balogun, Eniola Ajao and Fathia Balogun. Many attendees wore customised white T-shirts bearing Ademola’s portrait as a mark of tribute.

In an emotional moment captured on video, Salami, widely regarded as one of Ms Ademola’s closest friends in the industry, delivered a heartfelt tribute.

Fighting back tears, he asked for forgiveness on behalf of the late actress.

“If there’s anyone Allwell has offended, directly or indirectly, please, forgive her and keep praying for her. I think the only thing we can actually do is find a way, in unity, to keep her legacy. Even if she’s gone, let all that she has done stay with us and be with us.”

Salami also announced that he would offer one day of free work to anyone who approached him for a film project.

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Apology from Allwell’s brother

Meanwhile, one of the late actress’s brothers issued an apology to actress Ojo over remarks he had made following his sister’s death.

He offered the apology during the service of songs held in her honour. Previously, a video that went viral showed him criticising some of her colleagues for their public tributes at the time of her passing.

In the video, he said, “All the ‘Rest in Peace’ messages and public displays of love are fake and hypocritical. Where was this love when she was alive? When she produced Eniobanke, none of you promoted it. You all claimed to be friends, yet you never supported her work or career, even though she supported many of you. During the Jagun Jagun production, no one called her or offered her a role.”

“Some of you, the likes of Lateef Adedimeji, Owonikoko, Iyabo Ojo and others, came to our house to shoot movies, yet you never found it worthy to stand by her. If you couldn’t support her while she was alive, don’t perform loyalty now that she is gone.”

However, Ojo, a mother of two, responded publicly to the claims, affirming that she had supported the late actress during her lifetime.

She wrote, “I oversupported your sister when she was alive, when she was building her career as a Producer and director, I featured in her movies countless times for free, and I also supported her financially and emotionally. May her beautiful soul continue to rest in perfect peace,” she said.

While apologising, he said, “Please ma, don’t be offended. I did not mean to abuse you; I was not referring to you at all.”

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Why Yoruba language may become extinct!

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One major issue that caught the attention of Nigerian writers, historians, journalists and linguists amongst others in January 2020, was the adoption of 29 Nigerian coinages and words from, especially Yoruba and Hausa languages, into the Oxford English Dictionary. Words and colloquial, such as danfo, okada, buka, k-leg, to eat money, next tomorrow, chop-chop, gist, sef and 20 others were officially accepted for everyday use as part of the English language.

There was widespread ecstasy generally amongst many Nigerians – both the lettered and the unschooled masses were united in their celebration of this recognition, especially coming from our former colonial masters – because the British that gave us a lingua franca, now were accepting our own languages, our own native words to be part of English language, after several of us were caned by British-tutored Nigerian teachers for speaking “vernacular” in primary schools in those days. You will agree with me that the joy is not unfounded. Filipinos perhaps, felt a similar joy in 2015 when 40 Filipino-coined words and slangs were also added to the Oxford English Dictionary.

Is it also not victory at last, even if in part, for Afrocentric scholars and writers who are foremost critics of the prejudiced nexus between language and power? Several of them have argued vehemently and vowed not to italicise coinages and words from their native languages in their critiques and creative writings. Although they have continued to write in the borrowed languages of French, English and Portuguese. This pseudo victory at least reinforces their stance, showcasing fruits from their activism.

This opening digression was inescapable for me from the dreadful topic of this write-up: Why Yoruba language may become extinct! This is because the Oxford English Dictionary’s action finally forced me to sit down and write this essay that has been pleading for my attention for several months now. Anyway, back to the issue. I could have generalised the topic by saying that several Nigerian languages may become extinct if we don’t make purposeful efforts to halt their adulteration, abuse, disuse and sometimes disdain by their native speakers. Yoruba language in this instance is a euphemism for conquered languages of the world, not just Nigerian or African. It represents languages, whose native speakers are the proletariats in the world order. From prehistoric times to modern days, power relations have always defined human relations; language has remained one of the major instruments of conquest. This is one disorder that the world has not been able to re-order and that may remain with humanity for centuries to come.

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Now, you may say Yoruba language is not one of the languages listed as critically endangered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation. Then, it means that you are not getting the point. The viewpoint I am expressing here is that the visible or invincible power of a person or a group of persons over others, determines the norm for all and what is acceptable as public interest, including the language that would be internationally used for socio-political and economic interactions, irrespective of interest of the peripheral groups in their mother tongues or any other issue.

Let’s go memory lane for clarity. Are you aware that the English language is not even native to the English people or the earliest inhabitants of the place known as Britain today? This may shock a number of people except scholars grounded in the history of English language. According to historians, the people of modern day Britain spoke what is known as Celtic language, which itself is a mixture of Indo-European languages. English language as known today to Her Majesty – the Queen, her subjects and ourselves – the emancipated natives of her former colonies, was introduced by “Germanic tribes” said to have invaded Britain sometimes in the 5th century. Although a small populace in the United Kingdom still speak Scottish and Irish languages, which are parts of the Celtic languages, English, the language of the invaders, has remained the flagship of the United Kingdom’s languages. The name England itself has its root from the Germanic tribes.

To further drive home the point that power relations determine accepted language and determine “who gets what, when and how”, as attributed to the political scientist, Harold Lasswell, let me also remind political historians that French was the official language of England for almost 300 years, from mid-11th century to mid-14th century. This was also imposed on England by the invading Normans and French army that defeated the then King Harold II of England, and thereafter forced the people to speak French for official interactions for three centuries.

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That Bishop Ajayi Crowther interpreted the English bible into Yoruba language. That J. F. Odunjo’s popular “Iselogunise” Yoruba poem has remained evergreen and known across the globe? That Hubert Ogunde, Moses Olaiya, Idowu Philip, Kola Ogunmola and lot of others promoted Yoruba language through theatre and drama. That even Brazil in faraway South America recognises Yoruba language as one of its official languages. That the Yoruba language has also remained a major language in Nigeria, and it is being used in the Republic du Benin, Togo and even amongst infinitesimal populations of Yoruba people across the globe, may not prevent its extinction!

Recall we are using the Yoruba language as a euphemism for languages not directing world order, and therefore not considered as world power in this discourse. The point is art, literature and public outcries would not save any language from extinction, except its speakers are recognised for their economic power, military prowess, massive scientific innovation, giant strides in Information, Technology and Communication, medical contributions to well-being and wellness of humanity. Such languages may eventually give way.

That is why a German professor, who is very fluent in English language, may come to Nigeria and deliver his speech in German, and except that Nigerians and everyone else follow his/her discourse via the headphone translation devices. And our first class traditional rulers, right on their thrones, would talk to outsiders in English language, rather than also get interpreters to translate their discourse in English, while they speak their native language. That is why akara is known as beans cake amongst non-Yoruba people and not by its Yoruba known name, akara; and pizza is pizza worldwide. That is why our kids would want to learn Spanish, French and in recent times, Mandarin, in addition to English language to increase their access to global opportunities; and be unbothered if they are only able to speak diluted Yoruba language. They may even be less concerned with reading or writing their native language.

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The English language itself has survived and continued on its victory lap over the Chinese Mandarin language spoken by 1.3 billion people, because of its continual adoption and adaptation of words and slangs from other languages that are gaining mileages and may compete with it. The adoption of the Nigerian colloquial and words into the English language is therefore not a victory for the Nigerian languages, but the use of linguistic assimilation method by powerful owners of English language to make it remain the language of today, tomorrow and next tomorrow. Records show that the English language has borrowed from about 250 other languages across the globe.

According to UNESCO, over 2,500 languages are vulnerable or already endangered in various degrees, some definitely, others critically. While the Yoruba and a number of other major languages in the underdeveloped countries may not be under serious threat now, their extinction will still come, even if it takes centuries, unless their owners and speakers start making impact in world affairs collectively as a people to the point that they also become dominant stakeholders in the world affairs, vis-à-vis, the world order.

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