Connect with us

Lifestyle

The History of Cocoa: From Ancient Rituals to Global Delight

Published

on

The story of cocoa—the seed from which chocolate is made—begins over five thousand years ago in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. Once considered a sacred gift by ancient civilizations, cocoa has evolved from a ceremonial drink to one of the world’s most beloved commodities.

Ancient Origins and Use

Early Domestication:

Archaeological evidence traces the earliest use of cacao to around 5,300 years ago by the Mayo-Chinchipe culture of present-day Ecuador. According to findings published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, residues found on ancient pottery confirmed the fermentation and consumption of cacao long before it appeared in Mesoamerica.

Mesoamerican Civilizations:

The Olmecs, one of the earliest known Mesoamerican societies (1500–400 BCE), are believed to have domesticated the cacao tree. Later, the Maya, Toltec, and Aztec civilizations developed the culture of consuming cocoa as a bitter drink made from roasted and ground cacao beans mixed with spices, chili, and water—known as xocolatl.

Cultural and Economic Significance:

Cocoa beans held deep symbolic and economic value. Among the Aztecs, they were used as a form of currency and offered during religious rituals. The Maya viewed cocoa as a divine substance, often depicting cacao pods in their art and burial offerings.

Introduction to Europe

Spanish Introduction:

In 1502, Christopher Columbus first brought cocoa beans to Spain after encountering them during his fourth voyage to the Americas. However, it was the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés, who in 1519, after his conquest of the Aztec Empire, introduced the chocolate drink to Europe in its true form.

Spread Through Europe:

By the 17th century, cocoa had become a fashionable beverage among Europe’s elite, especially in Spain, France, and England. “Chocolate houses” became social hubs in cities like London and Amsterdam, where wealthy patrons gathered to enjoy hot chocolate sweetened with sugar and flavored with vanilla and cinnamon.

Modern Production and Consumption

Making Chocolate Accessible:

The transformation of cocoa into solid chocolate began in the 18th and 19th centuries. Innovations such as adding milk (by the Swiss in the 1700s) and the invention of the cocoa press (by Coenraad van Houten in 1828) revolutionized chocolate production. Lower import duties in Britain further made chocolate affordable to the middle class.

Global Expansion:

As European empires expanded, cocoa cultivation spread to their tropical colonies. By the late 19th century, West Africa, particularly Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Cameroon, became central to global cocoa farming. Nigeria began establishing cocoa plantations during the colonial period, especially in regions like Ondo, Ekiti, and Ogun States.

Today’s Production:

Currently, the Forastero variety dominates global production due to its high yield and disease resistance. West Africa accounts for about 70% of the world’s cocoa supply, with Ivory Coast and Ghana leading as the largest producers.

Cocoa’s Cultural Legacy

Cocoa’s journey from a sacred Mesoamerican ritual drink to a global comfort food highlights humanity’s shared appreciation for taste, culture, and innovation. Beyond its economic value, cocoa remains a symbol of celebration, luxury, and connection across cultures.

Key Facts

Scientific name: Theobroma cacao

First domesticated: ~3300 BCE (Mayo-Chinchipe culture, Ecuador)

Cultural significance: Used as currency and for rituals by Aztecs and Maya

Introduced to Europe: Early 1500s by Spanish explorers

Main producers today: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Indonesia

Sources

Henderson, J. S., et al. “Chemical and Archaeological Evidence for the Earliest Cacao Beverages.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 2007.

FOLLOW US ON:

FACEBOOK

TWITTER

PINTEREST

TIKTOK

YOUTUBE

LINKEDIN

TUMBLR

INSTAGRAM

Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Lifestyle

PHOTOS: Shaffy Bello: The Voice Behind “Love Me Jeje” and the Face of Nigerian Elegance

Published

on

From lending her voice to one of Nigeria’s most iconic love songs to becoming a Nollywood powerhouse, Shaffy Bello continues to inspire with grace and glamour.

A Star with Many Faces and Talents

Shaffy Bello (born 8 October 1970) is a Nigerian actress and singer whose influence in the entertainment industry has spanned more than two decades. Known for her captivating presence both on and offscreen, she embodies a blend of artistry, elegance, and resilience. Her journey began not as an actress, but as a singer — her soulful voice helping to define Nigerian pop culture in the late 1990s.

The Voice That Captured a Generation

Bello first gained public attention in 1997 when she lent her vocals to Seyi Sodimu’s chart-topping hit “Love Me Jeje.” The song became an instant classic, beloved across generations for its romantic rhythm and heartfelt lyrics. Her contribution not only introduced her widely to Nigerian audiences, but also marked a defining moment in the evolution of contemporary Nigerian music.

Education, Upbringing, and Background

Shaffy Bello was born in Nigeria in 1970, but she spent much of her early life in the United States, where she completed her formal education.

Though details about her specific schools and degrees are not widely published, her time abroad shaped her outlook — particularly in terms of style, discipline, and ambition. She has spoken in interviews about returning to Nigeria to pursue her career, despite the challenges of separation from her children and family while abroad.

Family, Marriage, and Sacrifices

Shaffy Bello is a mother of two children — a son and a daughter — who have spent parts of their lives abroad.

She was married to Mr. Akinrimisi from 1995 until around 2020. The marriage ended in divorce, which she has said was by mutual agreement. She’s spoken openly about the sacrifices made: leaving her children and husband in the U.S. to relocate to Nigeria to pursue her acting career. That meant periods of separation and difficult decisions, but she has expressed that she does not regret the choice because it enabled her to follow her passion.

Transition to Acting and Nollywood Stardom

After her musical breakthrough, Shaffy moved into acting. Her first major film was Eti Keta, a Yoruba‐language film, which helped solidify her presence in the Nigerian film industry.

In 2012, she landed roles in television series including Tinsel (as Joanne Lawson) and Taste of Love (as Adesuwa). Since then, she has featured in numerous productions in both Yoruba and English — titles like When Love Happens, Gbomo Gbomo Express, Chief Daddy — showing her versatility across genres.

A Fashion Icon and Role Model

Shaffy’s style is often praised for its elegance and boldness. Her red-carpet looks, mastery of vibrant colours, and graceful presentation have made her a fashion icon. She often combines traditional African aesthetics with contemporary fashion in a way that reflects her personality and roots.

Mentorship and Impact

In recent years, Shaffy Bello has taken on a master-class role, sharing her experience with younger actors and creatives. During her “What I Know” masterclass, for example, she spoke about integrity, purpose, consistency, and her journey — including hardships and triumphs.

She often frames her work not simply as performing, but as impacting people — using her platform to encourage others to hold fast to their dreams and to understand the costs and rewards of creative careers.

A Legacy of Grace and Artistry

Today, Shaffy Bello is not just a veteran actress and singer; she is a symbol of reinvention, perseverance, and authenticity. Her journey challenges stereotypes about age, relevance, and what a creative woman can be. Whether through voice, film, fashion or mentorship, she continues to evolve and inspire.

References:

1. Shaffy Bello — Wikipedia.

2. “Shaffy Bello: Acting is not my purpose but impacting people” — The Guardian Nigeria, January 2024.

3. Ripples Nigeria, “Actress Shaffy Bello reveals how she sacrificed her family in pursuit of fame.”

FOLLOW US ON:

FACEBOOK

TWITTER

PINTEREST

TIKTOK

YOUTUBE

LINKEDIN

TUMBLR

INSTAGRAM

Continue Reading

Lifestyle

Brigadier General Enitan Ransome-Kuti: The Nigerian Officer Who Faced Court-Martial and Redemption

Published

on

The story of Brigadier General Enitan Ransome-Kuti — his trial, demotion, reinstatement, and retirement after a turbulent episode in Nigeria’s war against Boko Haram.

The Officer and His Lineage

Brigadier General Enitan Ransome-Kuti is a retired Nigerian Army one-star general, best known for his controversial 2015 court-martial. He comes from one of Nigeria’s most distinguished families — the Ransome-Kutis — whose legacy blends military service, activism, and cultural influence.

He is the son of Dr. Beko Ransome-Kuti, the renowned human rights activist, and a nephew to Fela Anikulapo-Kuti, the legendary Afrobeat musician. His family has long been associated with advocacy, defiance of oppression, and a firm sense of national duty — traits that shaped Enitan’s own military journey.

The Baga Incident and Court-Martial

The turning point in Ransome-Kuti’s career came in 2015, during Nigeria’s ongoing battle against the Boko Haram insurgency in the North-East. At the time, he served as the Commander of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), stationed in Baga, Borno State.

In January 2015, Boko Haram launched a massive offensive on Baga, overrunning the MNJTF base and seizing military equipment, including tanks and weapons. The attack — one of the deadliest in the insurgency’s history — resulted in the deaths of many civilians and soldiers, forcing the Nigerian Army to retreat.

Following the incident, Brigadier General Ransome-Kuti and several officers were arrested and court-martialed for alleged “cowardice, failure to perform military duties, and loss of equipment to the enemy.”

The Trial and Conviction

The General Court-Martial convened in Abuja in October 2015. After several months of proceedings, Ransome-Kuti was found guilty of negligence and loss of equipment, though cleared of cowardice — a charge that carries severe moral stigma within the military.

He was dismissed from service and sentenced to six months’ imprisonment.

The decision sparked widespread public debate. Critics, including notable figures like Prof. Wole Soyinka, argued that the general had been unfairly punished for systemic military failures rather than personal misconduct. Many saw the trial as a scapegoating attempt amid public outrage over Boko Haram’s territorial gains at the time.

Reversal and Reinstatement

In March 2016, the Army Council reviewed Ransome-Kuti’s case and overturned the dismissal, describing it as “unwarranted humiliation.” His sentence was reduced to a demotion from Brigadier General to Colonel, and he was reinstated into the Nigerian Army.

Media outlets such as PM News, The Punch, and Vanguard reported that his reinstatement followed appeals from senior officers and a reconsideration of evidence showing that Ransome-Kuti had repeatedly requested reinforcements and logistical support before the Baga attack — requests that went unanswered.

This development was seen as a rare moment of military accountability and institutional correction, as it acknowledged the complexities of Nigeria’s counter-insurgency challenges.

Retirement and Legacy

Brigadier General Enitan Ransome-Kuti retired in 2017, concluding an eventful and controversial military career. Despite the ordeal, he retained significant respect among peers and human rights advocates who viewed his case as symbolic of the Nigerian military’s internal struggles — between integrity, politics, and accountability.

His story remains a compelling chapter in Nigeria’s fight against terrorism, reflecting the sacrifices and systemic flaws within the armed forces during one of the nation’s most difficult security crises.

A Family of Resilience

The Ransome-Kuti family’s history is steeped in national service and courage. From Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, a pioneer educator, to Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, one of Nigeria’s most influential women’s rights activists, and Fela, the outspoken musician who used his art for political resistance — the family has continually embodied the spirit of defiance against injustice.

Enitan’s military trial, though tragic, adds another dimension to this legacy — one of resilience amid adversity and duty under pressure.

Brigadier General Enitan Ransome-Kuti’s case highlights both the heroism and hardships of Nigerian soldiers on the frontlines. His story underscores the importance of institutional support, fair justice, and recognising the human realities behind national security. In the broader context of Nigeria’s military history, it serves as a reminder that leadership and loyalty are often tested not in triumph, but in trial.

References

1. Premium Times Nigeria (2015) – “Nigerian Army Dismisses, Jails Army General for Losing Equipment to Boko Haram.”

2. Vanguard News (2015) – “Why We Jailed Gen. Ransome-Kuti – Army.”

3. PM News Nigeria (2016) – “Demoting Gen. Ransome-Kuti an Unwarranted Humiliation, Says Soyinka.”

4. Punch Newspapers (2016) – “Army Panel Reinstates Brig. Gen. Ransome-Kuti.”

5. CGTN Africa (2015) – “Nigerian Army General Jailed for Cowardice.”

FOLLOW US ON:

FACEBOOK

TWITTER

PINTEREST

TIKTOK

YOUTUBE

LINKEDIN

TUMBLR

INSTAGRAM

Continue Reading

Lifestyle

Fela Ransome-Kuti & His Koola Lobitos: Highlife-Jazz and Afro-Soul (1963–1969)

Published

on

Tracing the Early Sound of a Legend Before Afrobeat Was Born

The CD compilation Fela Ransome-Kuti & His Koola Lobitos: Highlife-Jazz and Afro-Soul (1963–1969) captures the formative years of one of Africa’s most influential musicians — Fela Anikulapo-Kuti — during his early experimentation with sound, rhythm, and ideology.

This three-disc collection brings together both studio and live recordings from the 1960s, when Fela led his first professional band, Koola Lobitos, while studying and performing between Nigeria and the United Kingdom. The recordings reflect the evolution of Fela’s style before the creation of Afrobeat, the genre he would later pioneer and popularize across the world.

A Fusion of Highlife, Jazz, and Soul

In these early recordings, Fela Kuti — then performing under the name Fela Ransome-Kuti — blends West African highlife rhythms with American jazz harmonies and soul-inspired vocals. The sound is lively and melodic, featuring Fela’s signature trumpet and saxophone improvisations alongside rhythmic guitar lines and percussive African beats.

Unlike his later politically charged Afrobeat anthems, the songs on this compilation focus on dance, romance, and social celebration. Yet, even here, listeners can trace the foundation of Fela’s revolutionary energy — his command of rhythm, his call-and-response arrangements, and his ability to blend African and Western musical traditions into something distinctly new.

Historical Significance

The recordings span a crucial period in Fela’s life, from 1963 to 1969, when he was studying at the Trinity College of Music in London and performing with Koola Lobitos in clubs across Nigeria and the UK. These years marked his transformation from a young Nigerian highlife musician into a visionary composer who would later revolutionize African music.

The compilation also includes rare live performances, offering an authentic glimpse into the vibrant Lagos music scene of the 1960s — a time when jazz, soul, and highlife collided to form the roots of Afrobeat.

The Compilation and Its Origin

This three-CD anthology was compiled by a Japanese chemistry professor and avid collector of rare African vinyl records, who spent years sourcing and restoring these recordings. His effort preserved an essential piece of Nigeria’s musical heritage, allowing new generations to experience the beginnings of Fela’s artistic journey.

The release has been praised by music historians and collectors alike for its archival quality, restored sound, and cultural importance, providing valuable insight into how Fela Kuti evolved from a highlife bandleader into the global voice of Afrobeat and Pan-African resistance.

Legacy of Koola Lobitos

Koola Lobitos would later transform into Africa ’70, Fela’s groundbreaking Afrobeat ensemble that defined his sound in the 1970s. But it was within Koola Lobitos that Fela first explored the possibilities of merging African identity with global sounds — setting the stage for a movement that transcended borders and inspired countless artists worldwide.

Today, Fela Ransome-Kuti & His Koola Lobitos: Highlife-Jazz and Afro-Soul (1963–1969) stands as both a historical document and a musical masterpiece — a celebration of Fela’s creative roots and an essential chapter in the story of African music.

Sources:

Strut Records: “Fela Ransome-Kuti & His Koola Lobitos: Highlife-Jazz and Afro-Soul (1963–1969)”

The Guardian Nigeria: “The Early Years of Fela and the Sound of Koola Lobitos”

BBC Music Archives: “Fela Kuti’s Early Recordings Before Afrobeat”

FOLLOW US ON:

FACEBOOK

TWITTER

PINTEREST

TIKTOK

YOUTUBE

LINKEDIN

TUMBLR

INSTAGRAM

Continue Reading

Trending