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PHOTOS: Hidden labour behind Nigeria’s garri: How women labour for hours to feed homes

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Across cassava-producing communities, women sustain one of Nigeria’s most consumed staple foods through a layered system of labour, ownership, and machinery, where survival work continues daily under trees, makeshits shelters and within processing centres

The smell of fermented cassava hangs in the air long before the work comes into view, sharp, sour, and heavy in the morning heat.

In Gabaraku in Bida Local Government Area and Gwada in Shiroro Local Government Area of Niger State, among other areas, women are already at work beneath scattered trees, sitting on bare ground with buckets, knives, and piles of cassava tubers spread around them.

A few steps away stand government-supported processing centres established under the Federal Government/ International Fund for Agricultural Development, (IFAD)-backed Value Chain Development Programme (VCDP) in the state.

They are functional with platforms, water points, and structured processing spaces. But the most visible labour is happening outside the centres.

Under the trees, the work begins

Nigeria produces more cassava than any country in the world, yet much of it is still processed by hand.

Nigeria remains the world’s largest producer of cassava, with annual output running into tens of millions of metric tonnes.

A significant portion of this is processed into garri, a staple food eaten daily across homes. In practical terms, millions of Nigerians rely on garri every day, making it one of the most consistently consumed foods in the country.

Across cassava-producing communities, women dominate the processing stage from peeling and washing to frying and drying.

In many rural clusters, they make up the overwhelming majority of the workforce, sustaining a system where production depends more on physical effort than machinery.

It is this largely unseen labour that keeps garri available in markets and homes across the country.

Economy built in layers

What unfolds is not one system, but several working at once.

Some women own cassava and bring it for processing into garri for sale.

Others do not own anything. They survive through daily labour, peeling cassava, pressing sacks, or frying garri for small payments.

A third group standing slightly apart comprises machine owners who provide grating services for a fee.

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Together, they form the hidden structure behind one of Nigeria’s most consumed staple foods.

Hauwawu Under The Tree

Under a tree in Gabaraku community, 22-year-old Hauwawu sits on the bare ground, peeling cassava with steady, practiced movements.

Beside her, her four-month-old baby lies on a small cloth spread over the dust.

Around her, other women continue working with knives scraping cassava in a rhythm that does not break.

At one point during the visit, the baby is lifted briefly and held for a few minutes.

There is no pause in the work.

Moments later, the child is returned to the cloth. Hauwawu adjusts it slightly, leans forward, and continues peeling cassava as the cluster around her carries on.

Her hands do not stop.

“I don’t have anything doing,” she stated quietly, adding: “So I come out every day to peel cassava to earn something for my children.”

Halima: Years Of The Same Work

Not far from her, Halima, 45, works through her own pile of cassava, her wrapper tied tightly around her as she peels.

Her hands move steadily, though slower than the younger women around her.

“I have been doing this work for years. It is not easy, but it is what we have,” she explained.

She paused briefly to stretch her fingers before returning to the pile:

“If I don’t come out, there is no money for the day.”

Around them, cassava peels gather on the ground as dust rises in the heat.

Amina: Eight Children To Feed

Amina, a mother of eight, sits on a low stool beside a growing heap of cassava, peeling quickly as the morning heat builds.

Her work is constant, driven less by routine and more by urgency.

“I have many children to take care of,” she explained without looking up.

“If I don’t come out to work, there will be nothing at home,” she further stated.

She adjusted her wrapper and continued: “This work is what keeps us going.”

The Crushing Machine And Its Owner

At the centre of the process, the sound changes.

A machine roars as cassava is fed into it in steady batches. The machine is owned by an individual operator who charges for each use.

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Women arrive with basins of peeled cassava, waiting their turn as the machine runs continuously.

Wet cassava mash spills out in thick heaps, quickly gathered by waiting hands before the next batch follows.

Some women without cassava of their own remain near the machine, assisting by feeding cassava into the grinder or carrying the mash away.

They are paid small amounts for their effort.

In the whole process, the machine owner does not peel or fry.

as his income comes from every turn of the machine.

From Pressing To Fire: The Work Does Not Slow

After grating, the cassava mash is packed into sacks and tightly pressed to remove excess water.

The liquid drains out sometimes through channels provided at the processing centres, and in other cases directly onto the surrounding ground where drainage is limited.

The mash is then left to ferment briefly before further processing.

From here, it is sieved to remove fibres and lumps, breaking it into fine granules ready for frying.

Processing takes different directions at this stage depending on use.

Some batches are taken straight to the frying stage to produce garri commonly used for making eba, a staple swallow eaten in many homes.

Others are allowed to ferment longer, developing the sour taste preferred by those who soak garri in water for drinking.

Near the frying area, Kaka, 50, stands over a wide pan, turning garri over firewood.

Smoke circles her face as heat rises sharply from the stove.

“This work needs strength,” she noted without stopping, adding: “If you are tired and you stop, the garri will burn”

She adjusted her stance slightly and continued stirring.

“We have been doing it like this for a long time,” she added.

After frying, garri is spread out to dry.

Some women use elevated platforms provided within the processing centres.

Others spread theirs on sacks or bare ground under the sun, depending on where they work.

Children move in and out of the workspace. Some helping, others sitting quietly beside their mothers.

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A System Of Three Economies

Not all women occupy the same position in this system.

Cassava owners carry the risk and eventual profit of production.

Labourers depend on daily earnings from peeling, frying, and processing while machine owners earn from service.

But across all three, income remains uncertain.

The Price Of The Day’s Work

Gogo sits beside a sack of finished garri, tying it carefully as others prepare theirs for sale.

Her work for the moment is done, but the uncertainty remains.

“The problem is selling,” she observed, adding: “You can work all day and still not get good money.”

She tightens the sack and looks toward the others.

“Sometimes buyers come and price it low. We don’t have a choice,” she stated.

Inside And Outside The Structure

Inside the processing centres, cooperative members work with training, shared facilities, and access to organised markets under the VCDP programme.

One beneficiary, Patience Jeremiah, says the training has improved her processing methods and helped her access better market opportunities.

But just beyond the centres, independent women continue differently.

They are not part of cooperatives.

“We want to be on our own,” one woman says.

They rely on daily labour, informal buyers, and flexible arrangements that allow them to earn as they work.

Both systems exist in the same communities — side by side, but not together.

The End Of The Day

As evening approaches, the rhythm begins to slow.

Sacks of garri are tied and lifted.

Firewood smoke fades into the air just as the smell of cassava lingers across both the processing centres and the open spaces under trees.

Each sack represents hours of labour, peeling, crushing, pressing, sieving, frying, and drying and carried out through multiple hands and multiple systems.

In Nigeria’s cassava economy, garri is not just produced, it is worked into existence daily.

And under trees and inside processing centres alike, the same labour begins again when morning returns.

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Reps order IG to produce fake, PFIPC agency DG Adeyemi within 48 hours

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The House of Representatives Committee investigating the operations of the controversial Presidential Foreign Investment Promotion Council has directed the Inspector-General of Police, Olatunji Disu, to produce the self-acclaimed Director-General of the organisation, Adeyemi Adeniyi, before it on Wednesday.

The directive was issued on Monday during the resumed investigative hearing at the National Assembly Complex, Abuja.

Representing the IG, Assistant Commissioner of Police, Bashir Abdullahi, appeared before the committee and was instructed to ensure Adeyemi’s appearance by noon on Wednesday to assist lawmakers in their ongoing investigation into the activities of the organisation.

The committee is probing the circumstances under which the PFIPC, despite not being legally established, allegedly secured office accommodation in Phase III of the Federal Secretariat Complex in Abuja and received a budgetary allocation of ₦1.32bn in the 2026 Appropriation Act.

The directive followed the Nigeria Police Force’s confirmation of key aspects of its criminal investigation, including petitions from the Office of the Chief of Staff to the President alleging that Adeyemi fraudulently presented himself as the Director-General of both the Presidential Economic Advisory Council and the Presidential Foreign Investment Promotion Council.

The Committee Chairman, Yusuf Gagdi, said Adeyemi’s appearance had become imperative given the seriousness of the allegations and the institutions implicated in the matter.

“This committee clearly needs the suspected DG to appear before this committee. People’s names are involved. People’s integrity are involved. Institutional names are involved. Institutional integrity is involved.

“It is not an option now. We will need him here to confirm some documents to us in such a way that will not undermine our investigation to enable us to submit our report on time,” Gagdi said.

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The committee subsequently directed its clerk to formally communicate its resolution to the Inspector-General of Police.

“The committee hereby resolves that the Inspector-General of Police of the Federal Republic of Nigeria do kindly present Mr Adeyemi on Wednesday by 12 noon. That is the ruling of the committee,” Gagdi declared.

Earlier, ACP Abdullahi informed lawmakers that although investigations were ongoing, the police had already filed an eight-count charge against Adeyemi before the Federal High Court.

“The Nigerian Police Force investigated part of this case late last year and filed eight-count charges before a Federal High Court. The case is ongoing,” he said.

He disclosed that the suspect had been arrested and arraigned, but cautioned against making public disclosures that could prejudice the ongoing investigation or judicial proceedings.

“We don’t want to say things that are under investigation. It is definitely going to prejudice the ongoing investigation and make people have opinions that may prejudge the outcome of an investigation or judicial decision,” Abdullahi stated.

Despite the police’s reservations, the committee sought confirmation of documentary evidence already in its possession.

The police confirmed that on October 17, 2025, the Office of the Chief of Staff to the President petitioned security agencies over allegations against Adeyemi, prompting investigations that culminated in criminal charges bordering on conspiracy and fraud.

Investigators also confirmed receiving another petition alleging that Adeyemi falsely presented himself as the Director-General of both the Presidential Economic Advisory Council and the Presidential Foreign Investment Promotion Council.

According to the police, the petition alleged that Adeyemi used the purported office to obtain accommodation within the Federal Secretariat, sought approval to recruit about 300 personnel, attempted to secure a $1.3 billion allocation in the 2026 Appropriation Act for the non-existent agency, and planned to organise a World Investment Summit under the platform of the purported council.

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One of the highlights of the hearing came when the committee compared signatures on documents allegedly issued from the Office of the Chief of Staff to the President with signatures on authentic official correspondence obtained by the police.

When asked whether the signatures matched, the police witness responded unequivocally,”They are not the same.”

The committee said the discrepancy reinforced concerns that official State House documents may have been forged.

Gagdi further asked, “So, it is not only a letter that was suspected to be forged? We are dealing with documents that include what is said to be a forged Act of the National Assembly in an attempt to establish a fake agency,” he added.

Gagdi disclosed that investigators had identified about 29 allegedly forged documents, including purported approvals from the State House, the Office of the Head of the Civil Service of the Federation, the Office of the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, the Ministry of Finance and several other government institutions.

According to him, representatives of many of the affected agencies had already appeared before the committee and disowned the documents attributed to their offices.

Gagdi, however, stressed that the committee had deliberately avoided compelling the police to disclose information that could compromise ongoing criminal investigations.

“We are avoiding a situation whereby they will be pushed to make statements that will undermine their ongoing investigation,” he added.

He assured that the House investigation would continue independently and that its final report could recommend further action by relevant security agencies.

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Forged state house letter used to create fake PFIPC agency, Acct-General reveals

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The House of Representatives’ investigation into the operations of the controversial Presidential Foreign Investment Promotion Council took a dramatic turn on Monday after the Accountant-General of the Federation, Shamseldeen Ogunjimi, revealed that a forged State House letter was used to obtain official government recognition for the ‘fake’ agency.

Appearing before the House Ad Hoc Committee probing the circumstances surrounding the establishment and operations of the council, Ogunjimi disclosed that the Office of the Accountant-General acted on what appeared to be an authentic correspondence from the presidency requesting the creation of an administrative code for the PIFPC, only for investigations to later establish that the letter did not originate from the State House.

The revelation is the latest in a series of disclosures before the committee, which is investigating how a non-existent presidential agency allegedly secured office accommodation in the Federal Secretariat, sought budgetary allocations, recruited personnel and obtained official government recognition through what investigators believe were forged documents.

Presenting his report, Ogunjimi said the Office of the Accountant-General first interacted with the purported council in November 2024.

According to him, “a letter dated November 7, 2024, bearing a State House reference number, requested the creation of an administrative code for the Presidential Economic Advisory Council to facilitate budgeting, accounting and financial reporting.”

He explained that, in line with established procedures, “the Office of the Accountant-General processed the request, created the administrative code and communicated its approval to the State House,” with a copy sent to the Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation.

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Following that approval, the office received additional requests from the purported council, including applications for self-accounting status, deployment of personnel, opening of Treasury Single Account and domiciliary accounts, as well as funding approvals.

Ogunjimi, however, stressed that although some administrative processes were carried out, no public funds were ever released to the council.

“It is important to note that no funds were released under salaries, overhead, capital, or any form of intervention or special allocation to the council,” Ogunjimi told the committee.

He further disclosed that while the council requested an establishment grant of ₦27.4bn, the application was rejected because there was no budgetary provision for such expenditure.

The Accountant-General also explained that although the Central Bank of Nigeria opened two domiciliary accounts for the organisation to receive inflows, the accounts never became operational because the council failed to satisfy the regulatory conditions required for their activation.

Lawmakers expressed concern over how the purported agency was able to navigate several layers of government bureaucracy without raising suspicion.

Responding, Ogunjimi made what committee members described as one of the most significant revelations of the hearing.

“The letter that was received by the Treasury was respectfully addressed as coming from the State House. That letter was never issued by the State House”, he said

The disclosure prompted members of the committee to conclude that a “hijacked” State House letter had allegedly been used to mislead government institutions into processing official requests for an agency that had no legal existence.

The committee also questioned how civil servants originally posted to the Office of the Chief Economic Adviser to the President eventually became attached to the purported council without the knowledge of the Office of the Accountant-General.

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Ogunjimi explained that two officers deployed to the Office of the Chief Economic Adviser in 2010 and 2013 remained in the office after it was allegedly taken over by the new council, but no formal communication was sent to the treasury notifying it of any change.

“It was never assumed or written to us that those two officers were being taken over. The staff also never reported to the office to say that another council had taken over the office and the name had changed. As far as I was concerned, we were dealing with a new agency, not the Office of the Chief Economic Adviser,” he said.

He further disclosed that when the purported council later requested the deployment of five additional officers, the treasury approved only three after determining that the organisation’s size did not justify the number requested.

“It was when all this matter came to light that I got to know that two of our staff were actually working or being absorbed by the agency. We never knew. We believed, based on the records available to us, that those officers were still with the Office of the Chief Economic Adviser,” he added.

The ongoing House investigation centres on allegations that forged presidential approvals, counterfeit State House correspondence, fake Acts of the National Assembly and other falsified government documents were used to create and operate the purported Presidential Foreign Investment Promotion Council and the Presidential Economic Advisory Council.

The committee has already heard evidence from the Nigeria Police Force, which confirmed that criminal charges bordering on conspiracy and fraud have been filed against the prime suspect, Adeyemi Adeniyi, at the Federal High Court.

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At its sitting on Monday, the committee also directed the Inspector-General of Police to produce Adeyemi before lawmakers by noon on Wednesday to answer questions relating to the alleged forgery of official government documents and the operations of the purported presidential agency.

The committee is expected to conclude its investigation with recommendations on possible administrative, legislative and criminal actions against those found culpable.

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See full list of African countries that do not need proof of funds for UK’s student visa

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The United Kingdom on Monday updated its financial requirements for applicants seeking Student and Child Student visas, retaining stricter evidence rules while exempting nationals of only three African countries from submitting proof of funds at the point of application.

The updated guidance, published by the UK government on its website, listed Botswana, Mauritius and Tunisia as the only African countries whose nationals will not be required to provide financial evidence upfront unless requested during the visa decision-making process.

Other countries on the exemption list include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar, among others.

Despite the exemption, the UK clarified that applicants from the listed countries must still meet all financial requirements and could be asked to provide evidence during the application process.

The guidance stated, “You must meet the financial requirements for this route when you apply; however, you may not need to submit evidence upfront as part of your application. In these circumstances, the decision maker may still request the evidence from you during the application process to prove you meet the financial requirements.”

The development means applicants from major African source countries for UK education, including Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt and others not listed, will continue to submit financial documents as part of their visa applications.

Under the revised rules, applicants for a Student visa must demonstrate they have sufficient funds to cover tuition fees as stated on their Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies and living expenses.

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Students studying outside London are required to show they have £1,171 for each month of their course, up to a maximum of nine months, while those studying in London must show £1,529 per month for the same period.

Applicants travelling with dependants must also show additional funds. Those studying outside London must have £680 per month for each dependant, while applicants studying in London must show £845 monthly for each dependant, both for up to nine months.

For Child Student visa applicants, the required maintenance funds vary depending on their living arrangements, including boarding school accommodation, foster care, residence with parents or legal guardians, or independent living for eligible 16 and 17-year-olds.

The UK government also outlined acceptable sources of funds, including government-backed student loans, official financial sponsorship, personal savings and money belonging to parents or eligible partners.

However, it said applicants cannot rely on overdrafts, cryptocurrency holdings, stocks and shares, pensions or funds kept in unregulated financial institutions.

The guidance further requires applicants using personal or family funds to show that the required amount has been held for at least 28 consecutive days before the application, with financial evidence dated no more than 31 days before submission.

The UK also maintained exemptions from providing financial evidence for certain categories of applicants, including those applying to extend their stay after spending at least 12 months in the country on a valid visa, Student Union Sabbatical Officers, doctors and dentists in training, and applicants whose nationality qualifies for the reduced documentary requirement.

The latest update comes as the UK continues to tighten oversight of its international student visa system while maintaining financial eligibility requirements for prospective students seeking to study in the country.

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