Lifestyle
PHOTOS: The Origin of the Name “Nigeria” Flora Shaw’s Proposal in 1897
The name “Nigeria” first appeared in print on 8 January 1897 in The Times of London, in an article written and signed by Flora Shaw, the paper’s colonial editor. Shaw—who would later marry Sir Frederick Lugard, the future High Commissioner of the Northern Nigerian Protectorate—suggested the name as a concise and practical alternative to the long descriptive titles Europeans then used for the region.
Her proposal gave a single geographical label to an immense and culturally diverse area under increasing British influence. Shaw argued that a shorter name would simplify both administration and international recognition at a time when Britain was expanding its colonial presence in West Africa.
Derivation from the Niger River
Shaw’s name derived from the River Niger, the great waterway that flows through present-day Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria before emptying into the Atlantic.
The origin of the word “Niger” itself remains debated. Some scholars trace it to the Latin “niger,” meaning black, a term used by early European geographers to describe the dark waters or the people along the river. Others suggest it came from a local Tuareg phrase—often cited as egerew n-igerewen—used by peoples along the middle reaches of the river. Because neither explanation can be proven conclusively, historians generally present both as plausible.
Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial Descriptions
Before 1897, Europeans referred to the area with a variety of names:
“Central Sudan” or “Niger Sudan,” reflecting its location south of the Sahara.
“Hausa Territories,” in reference to the influential Hausa city-states of the north.
“Niger Empire,” used loosely in nineteenth-century travel literature.
These labels highlighted powerful pre-colonial polities such as the Sokoto Caliphate, Oyo Empire, Benin Kingdom, and others, but none captured the entire territory in a single term.
Colonial Context and the 1914 Amalgamation
Shaw’s suggestion came at the height of British colonial expansion in West Africa. By 1900 the British government had proclaimed the Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria, formalising its control over the region.
In 1914, Sir Frederick Lugard—by then Shaw’s husband—oversaw the amalgamation of these two protectorates to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. The name proposed by Flora Shaw seventeen years earlier became the official designation of the new political entity.
This act of naming exemplified a broader colonial pattern: compressing diverse ethnicities and kingdoms into a single administrative unit for imperial convenience. While the name “Nigeria” would later become a source of national pride, it originated as a tool of British governance.
Path to Independence and Enduring Legacy
The name endured through decades of colonial rule and into the era of nationalism. When Nigeria achieved independence on 1 October 1960, the colonial label became the name of the new Federal Republic of Nigeria, symbolising a modern state forged from many peoples and histories.
Over a century later, “Nigeria” remains more than a geographical term. It is a reminder of how colonial encounters shaped modern African identities and of how Nigerians have since infused the name with their own meanings of sovereignty and unity.
Key Timeline
Pre-1897: Region variously described as Central Sudan, Niger Sudan, Hausa Territories, Niger Empire.
8 January 1897: Flora Shaw publishes the article “Nigeria” in The Times of London.
1900: British government consolidates territories as Northern and Southern Protectorates.
1914: Lugard oversees the amalgamation; the name “Nigeria” becomes official.
1 October 1960: Independence as the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Sources
Flora Shaw, “Nigeria,” The Times (London), 8 January 1897.
Lord Lugard and Flora Shaw
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The founder of the Ado kingdom was a prince of Ile-ife named Awamaro(the restless one) and Ewi (the speaker). He is said to have left Ile-ife with his elder brother Oranmiyan and gone to Ita Orogun and Benin with him after staying briefly with Oloba in Oba-Ile, Akure.
Oba of Benin and the Ewi of Ado-Ekiti. Both first settled in Benin forests before disputes among their people led them to separate and the Ewi sought a new home westward at Utamodi (Oke Papa).
Ewi Biritiokun and his son reigned there. It was Ewi Awamaro who migrated to Ilesun (Present day Ado-Ekiti) after staying briefly at Udoani (Ido Ani) and Agbado during the long trek.
When Ewi Awamaro left Agbado, the elders remained behind to rest and gave the settlement the name Agba Ado (Elders’ Camp) – Agbado-Ekiti as the town is known today.
Awamaro’s spies encouraged him to attack Elesun with the support of Odolofin after he had settled down at Oke Ibon (now Odo Ijigbo) and with the conquest of Ulesun by Awamaro, the town of Ulesun changed its name to Ado or Ado-Ewi.
The Elesun (the King) who ruled over the town of Ulesun with its satellite towns i.e. Ukere (now Ikere), Isinla, Ulamoji, Agidimo, Ikewo existed in what is now known as Ado-Ekiti before the emergence of Ewi of Ado-Ekiti.
The Elesun occupied the peak of a hierarchy where he had his subordinates as the Odolofin (Elesun second in command), Asao, Elegemo, Alamoji, Olisinla, Olulero, Olookori etc.
Elesun was the head of the laity in the worship of Olota (god), the deity in charge of the security of Ulesun State.
The Ulesun language was different from Yoruba (Ado-Ewi) language. Examples are Ideregbe (Ewure or Goat), Okeregba (Aja or Dog), Amomo (Alangba or Lizard), Usa (Ikoko or Pot), Ukere (Ago or Calabash Cup), Ogolomosi (Ibepe or Pawpaw), Oyeye (Epa or Groundnut).
Some of the Elesun’s chiefs such as Odolofin and Asao were accepted into the Ewi’s system of chieftaincy after Awamaro’s conquest.
The Elegemo retained his post as Chief Priest and custodian of Iwemo Ogun. Ewi’s Warrior chiefs who provided military security for palace inhabitants were the Akogun at Irona, Oloja Ese at Oke Ese, Eleyinmi at Okeyinmi and Egbedi at Orereowu.
Eventually, Ewi and his people overthrew the existing political arrangements after series of conflicts, conquered Ulesun community, displaced and killed its ruler Elesun, cut off his head and proceeded and established a new town, Awamaro named Ado, meaning ‘here we encamp’.
Ewi Awamaro and his successors conquered villages and cottages in the neighbourhood, replaced their rulers with their own loyalists, stalwarts and scions of the royal family.
The important citizens of these conquered communities were relocated in Ado. Ewi supplanted Elesun as sovereign ruler of the aboriginal and settler population, many of Elesun’s Chiefs were confirmed in their offices but they swore oaths of allegiance to the Ewi.
Many of the succeeding Ewi expanded the kingdom by force of arms, annexed territories and gave these territories to scions of the royal families, these assumed titles which became hereditary.
The expansion and growth of Ado-Ekiti and the kingdom of Ado lasted over 400 years. In the course of this expansion, Ado became associated with certain traits.
Citizens of the kingdom in general and those of the mother town, Ado-Ekiti in particular were reputed for great attention to cleanliness.
Traditions preserve numerous brave citizens of each Ado community, the best known were Ogbigbonihanran of Idolofin quarters, Ogunmonakan of Okelaja, Fasawo, a.k.a. Aduloju of Udemo quarters, and Eleyinmi Orogirigbona of Okeyinmi quarters – all of Ado-Ekiti and Ogunbulu, a.k.a. Ala l’oju Osoru of Aisegba.
Folk, traditions are replete with fond references to Ewi’s relationship with some other Ekiti traditional rulers.
Ewi’s antecedents are depicted as: Elempe Ekiti (mightiest man in Ekiti). Folk traditions of this nature vividly portray the towering position of Ado-Ekiti. In the first place, Ado-Ekiti is situated at the heartland of Ekiti and is thus less exposed to cross-border attacks or non-Ekiti influences.
Consequently, over many centuries, waves of immigrant groups seeking haven settled in Ado-Ekiti and several other Ado communities.
Many of these immigrants were refugees, they left their old homelands in parts of Ekiti, Akoko, Owo etc. where their leaders lost out in chieftaincy contests.
Some were war captives, these were brought in droves by Aduloju and his lieutenants from their slave wars of the 1870s and 1880s in parts of Owo, Ose and Akoko.
They were settled in Ado communities where they increased the local population, and enriched the culture with their lineage names and festivals in similar circumstances, citizens of Ado communities left their fatherland and settled in a few places in the neighbourhood up to Ijesaland.
Ibadan sacked many Ado communities in 1873 and made a huge haul of prisoners of war and other captives who eventually settled in Iwo, Ibadan and some Remo towns such as Iperu and Makun Sagamu. However, Ado communities especially the mother town offset part of their losses with a large number of slaves and prisoners of war from Owo, Ose and Akoko.
Ado-Ekiti is one of the towns of the north eastern territory of Yoruba land and passed through a succession of military, political and cultural changes from the time of Ewi Awamaro (circa 1310 A.D) who migrated there to form what became Ado-Ekiti.
Ewi Awamaro subjugated Elesun’s neighbours and expanded his territory except Ukere (Ikere Ekiti) and his successors up to Yeyenirewu followed same steps that by 1550 A.D. Ado-Ewi had become a big power in the entire Ekiti country.
The Ewis that reigned at Ado from 1444 to 1552 were:
Ewi Ata (1444–1471),
Ewi Owakunrugbon (1471–1490)
Ewi Owamuaran (1490–1511)
Yeyenirewu – The regent (1511– 1552) Ewi’s military exploits during the period was to subjugate and annex his immediate territories extended to Ikere, Igbara Odo, Ogotun, Aramoko, Erio and Erijiyan among others.
Ewi Obakunrin (1552–1574)
Ewi Eleyo-Okun (1574–1599)
Ewi Afigbogbo Ara Soyi (1599-1630)
Ewi Gberubioya (1630-1696)
Ewi Idagunmodo (1696-1710)
Ewi Okinbaloye Aritawekun (1710-1722)
Ewi Amono Ola (1722-1762)
Ewi Afunbiowo (1762-1781)
Ewi Akulojuorun (1781-1808)
Ewi Aroloye (1808-1836)
Ewi Ali Atewogboye (1836-1885)
Ewi Ajimudaoro Aladesanmi I (1886-1910)
Ewi Adewumi Agunsoye (1910 – 1936)
Ewi Daniel Anirare Aladesanmi II (1937 – 1983),
HRM Ewi Samuel Adeyemi George-Adelabu I (1984 – 1988)
HRM Alayeluwa Ewi Rufus Adeyemo Adejugbe Aladesanmi III (the current Ewi of Ado-Ekiti).
Ado-Ewi was peaceful as war was abandoned in place of diplomacy and mutual relations strategy. Ewi Gberubioya divided the Ewi dynasty into three ruling houses of Owaroloye (Aroloye), Atewogboye and Arutawekun.
Ewi’s sons that ruled in neighbouring areas during the reign of Gberubioya included Okunbusi who became Onigede, Adubienimu who became Alawo, the Onijan, Opoakin (of Iwere), Olu Akitipa (of Odo), Aramude, Olokun, Olurasa, Onikewo and Olotin. One of his sons, Amujoye founded Igbemo and took the title of Oba of Igbemo from its inception.
FULL COURTESY: OLOOLUTOF.WORDPRESS.COM
IMAGE: THE EWI Of ADO-EKITI: HIS ROYAL
MAJESTY; OBA RUFUS ADEYEMO ADEJUGBE ALADESANMI III.
WITH KABIYESI’S MOST AMIABLE CONSORT; THE EYESORUN OF ADO-EKTI.
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